Finally, I learned how to deal with man with confidence and how to make my own rule. In this brief volume, Clark Moustakas clearly explains the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. doi: 10.1177/1049732306287526, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. A phenomenological research design illustrated. In the first time it was hard, I could not do anything by myself. Moustakas (1994) posits phenomenology as an appropriate tool for exploring and describing shared experiences related to phenomena. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Moustakas chapters 3 and 4 [Video file]. Perhaps most succinct and relevant is Padgetts (2008) definition of phenomenology: explor[ing] the lived experience of a phenomenon (p. 35). Saul/Pauls noetic framework, based on his quality Jewish upbringing, excellent education, and dual citizenship, led to his noema of entitlement, religious fervor, pride of heritage, and leadership as a Pharisee. Therefore, to avoid misleading uses of terminology, the suggestion is to use the term data explication, which Groenewald (2004) suggested. The decisions each of these leaders made with regard to setting aside presuppositions to see things as they really were, rather than their own perceptions and constructions had vastly different results. And mediation is an essential process that individuals engage with in relation to their experience. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to examine the lived The meanings emerged from the research methods and activities, and from this systematic interaction with the participants in this research and from sharing their experience, for example, about our work on students transitioning from their home country to the novel educational social context. The statements that did not meet these criteriathose that are repetitive, overlapping, or unclearare eliminated. So, I was silent most of the time; I did not talk with any one most of the time; and I isolated myself in corner. Phenomenology has long served as a research model for many psychologists and other social science scholars and professionals. Starks, H., and Trinidad, S. B. In fact, key principles of both descriptive and interpretative phenomenology are peoples subjective experiences and the meanings they ascribe to their lived world and how they relate to it (Langdridge, 2007). The epistemological question needs to be answered from both positions. Sch. Based on Sleesman, Conlon, McNamara, and Miles (2012) categorical and sub-categorical classifications of escalation determinants, Pharaohs action encompassed the following aspects of escalation as identified by category, theory, and definition: In Pharaohs quest to capture and oppress the Israelites once again, he led his most able military men, over 600 of them, and all of the requisite military resources (chariots, horses, support troops, etc.) Reflections on the well-being and ethical requirements of researchers and research participants in conducting qualitative fieldwork interviews. This mode also allows one to engage phenomenologically with the reduction process concerning the participants descriptions of their lived experiences. Many scholars in phenomenology hold the view that human beings extract meaning from the world through personal experience (Husserl, 1931; Hycner, 1985; Koopmans, 2015; Hourigan and Edgar, 2020; Gasparyan, 2021). 15, 135150. This article explains how to apply the framework of phenomenological qualitative analysis to educational research. I do not know the Lord, nor will I let Israel go (Ex 5:2). . In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the The stakes continually heighten, yet Pharaoh does not relent. WebA phenomenological study facilitates a methodology that probes the human experience, sheds light on the complexity of individual perceptions and offers ways of gaining insight and understanding into peoples experiences. This process is difficult as well as the most critical one (Wertz, 1985) because the entire investigation depends on these units of meaning. Based on Sauls submission to God, and the acceptance and fulfillment of his mission, it becomes clear that Saul acknowledged Gods power and sovereignty, set aside his personal preferences, tempered self-confidence and ego, and disregarded others negative opinions of his newly constructed noetic-noematic paradigm. This assumption underlies and merges implicitly with the second level of assumptions, the epistemological assumptions of phenomenology. The conversation. In comparison to Pharaohs determinants of escalation, Sauls experience was the direct opposite. You are in: North America Click below to get started! Organization Studies (01708406), 33(2), 223-245. doi:10.1177/0170840611430591. Health Res. This is a type of nonprobability sample. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Vol. These techniques are outlined to show interviewees that the researcher is interested in hearing detailed accounts (Hays and Singh, 2011) about their experiences. (2010). What is the phenomenological reduction of Blum, J. N. (2012). Beginning with the fourth plague (flies), God provided even more clarity for Pharaoh by afflicting only the Egyptians and not the Israelites (Ex 8:21-23). You cannot go home again: a phenomenological investigation of returning to the sojourn country after studying abroad. This is a pervasive feature of many different mental states: beliefs, hopes, judgements, intentions, love, and hatred. Hycner, R. H. (1985). For example, Z. stated clearly that she is now confident to deal with maleafter all the scariness and horribleness that was felt in the beginning. Meaningful and meaningless experience: towards an analysis of learning from life. Blumer, H. (1986). Webthat builds upon existing practices developed in virtual environments, and other forms of technology-mediated spaces; and sits within the field of knowledge of art and technology, and the emerging field of virtual worlds research. Culture and cognitive development: from cross-cultural research to creating systems of cultural mediation. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Stephanie Sheehan at ssheehan@southern.edu. August, R. A., and Tuten, T. L. (2008). To enhance your experience on our site, SAGE stores cookies on your computer. In each scene of the preExodus events, including the pre-plague request by Moses and Aaron, Pharaoh is provided demonstration of a power greater than his own. Look for the words HTML or . (eds.) Organizational behavior and management (9th ed.). Blum (2012), however, advocates for its use and positioned it as that which can offer an interpretation of religion or of religious experience and consciousness (p. 1029) and that which seeks to disclose the meaning encapsulated and expressed in the religious discourse, text, or experience under analysis (p. 1030). Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Given that Sauls ministry from this point forward (Acts 13:9) is primarily to non-Jews, it is understandable that he is referred to by his nonJewish name, except during his recounting of his testimony (Acts 22:7, 13; 26:14) (Nichol, 1953). Designing Social Research: The Logic of Anticipation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. The phenomenological reduction process assists the researcher with this, allowing the researcher to keep an open mind and listen in a receptive manner to the participants descriptions of the studied phenomenon process (Moustakas, 1994). Sign in here to access your reading lists, saved searches and alerts. Fast et al. 33, 275287. Sage. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. WebBracketing (German: Einklammerung; also called phenomenological reduction, transcendental reduction or phenomenological epoch) is the preliminary step in the Pharaoh was not willing to fully experience an epoche and, consumed by his own noetic and noematic paradigms, led his empire (i.e., organization) to suffer interminable losses and be gutted of leadership and resources (Ex 7:1 14: 28, 29). It was participated by the Bureau of Fire Protection in Ozamiz City, Misamis Occidental. ACM Press, New York (pp. So he obtained open warrants for any who were of the Way and set out for Damascus (Acts 9:2). Exploratory Research in the Social Sciences. Noesis, noema, and the noetic-noematic correlates are critical to understanding transcendental phenomenology (Moustakas, 1994). Moustakas describes the appearance of the tree as unique to an individual and based on multiple factors such as lighting, angle, and life experiences. Metaphysical, epistemological, and methodological objections. International Journal of Organizational Analysis (1993 2002), 6(2), 165. Introduction Clark Moustakas focuses on the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, in references to other scholar's elucidations, including Husserl and others. Add this content to your learning management system or webpage by copying the code below into the HTML editor on the page. Historical Background of the Phenomenological Reduction a. Husserls Early Works Since the main burden of this article lies in the specific area of the phenomenological reduction, it is not necessary to go into great detail regarding Husserls early work beyond noting that it dealt almost exclusively with mathematics and logic; and that it is the ground out of Sci. The fact that women were included in his persecution speaks to the fervor of his acting on his beliefs (Wiersbe, 1989). London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. Copyright 2022 Alhazmi and Kaufmann. WebThe problem investigated in this study focused on the African American male population in higher education is not only exceptionally low, but enrollment and persistence rates have remained astonishingly lower than all other groups of students completing higher education. The most important advantages from (being here) refined my personality in a good way, and I became more independent. In this volume, Clark Moustakas clearly discusses the theoretical underpinnings of phenomenology, based on the work of Husserl and others, and takes the reader step-by-step through the process of conducting a phenomenological study. Exploratory research design allows researchers to taste and experience social phenomena and provides a journey of discovery that consists of adventure (Willig, 2008) and surprise. Langdridge, D. (2008). Overconfidence describes an individuals self-magnified knowledge, superiority, and accuracy (Fast et al., 2011). WebThe phenomenological reduction requires that one avoid all abstraction, all theorizing, all generalization, even all belief in the existence of what we call real or not real (the experience of a dream or hallucination can be just as real as the experience of an actual event). The changing character of phenomenological psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Guba, E. G., and Lincoln, Y. S. Sauls three days of darkness were spent setting aside all suppositions and reframing his noetic perspective and its noematic meaning. Grasping and using its philosophical tenets doi: 10.1023/A:1010086224341. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Moustakas emphasizes that in phenomenological research I, the experiencing person, remain present. I, as a conscious person, am not set aside and with an open, transcendental consciousness, I carry out the Epoch (p. 87). This aim is characterised by the research design as exploratory (e.g., Blumer, 1986; Stebbins, 2001; Ritchie and Lewis, 2003). The investigation was conducted to capture and describe essential aspects of the participants experience, to understand the experience encountered by students in their novel social educational context. The general qualitative methodology of social science research has shaped phenomenology as a methodological approach just as reliable as quantitative and experimental methods, as recently discussed by Hffding et al. Re-describing the described experience with careful treatment of the data included, maintaining the involvement of the researcher, and avoiding being selective or discriminating in the re-description of the experience. Anal. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. The University of Notre Dame of Australia. doi: 10.1177/1049732304263638, Mallozzi, C. A. The practice of phenomenology: the case of max van Manen. This is what Finlay (2006, 2008) calls dancing between two approaches, and it is also the approach that we endorse. This illusory control perpetuates repetition of belief in self, belief in accuracy of self-knowledge, and continuation of the decision-making logic. Such themes can be grasped only through reflection on the textural descriptions of the participants experience (Keen, 1975, as cited in Moustakas, 1994, p. 79). Therefore, researchers should identify these assumptions while engaging with the research process, as they will play a significant role in framing the research questions and justifying the research methodology, on the one hand, and the methods and activities, on the other hand (Guba, 1990; Guba and Lincoln, 1994; Crotty, 1998; Denzin and Lincoln, 2003; Creswell, 2009; Hffding and Martiny, 2016; Martiny et al., 2021; Hffding et al., 2022). If the nature of the study is emergent, like in most qualitative research (e.g., Creswell, 2009; Hays and Singh, 2011), the research purpose and questions are emergent too; they grew initially from personal experience and then emerge through the process of conceptualising a research topic around experience being investigated, for example, the experience of cross-cultural transition lived by individuals who move from their own cultural and educational context to a different one. Sixteen Heads of Anglican and Uniting Church independent schools were asked to describe their experiences of providing leadership to religiosity in their schools. to their demise (Ex 14:27, 28). Cogn. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. John Bednall. Phenomenology of Practice: Meaning-Giving Methods in Phenomenological Research and Writing (Volume 13) Max Van Manen. Rev. Method and findings in a phenomenological psychological study of a complex life-event: being criminally victimized, in Phenomenology and Psychological Research. Denzin, N. K. (1992). The present strategy allows a researcher to dialogue with both the participants and the data to produce a multi-layered description of the experience. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.014, Keywords: qualitative research, phenomenology, cross-cultural analysis, educational research, experience, Citation: Alhazmi AA and Kaufmann A (2022) Phenomenological Qualitative Methods Applied to the Analysis of Cross-Cultural Experience in Novel Educational Social Contexts. The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to examine the lived These categories are useful when it comes to conducting a phenomenological qualitative study because they allow for the reporting of the most significant methods and ensure that activities are conducted in a logical order. Bryman, A. Phenomenological research methods, in Existential-Phenomenological Perspectives in Psychology (Boston, MA: Springer), 4160. doi: 10.1007/BF00142995. Saul, however, experienced an epoche as he set aside his paradigms in order to see things differently (Acts 9:5-9) and consequently led the effort to build the first century church (i.e., organization). This information is used to compile report and improve site. How interpretive qualitative research extends mixed methods research. Zahavi, D. (2019a). As Exodus opens in Egypt, Joseph has just died (Ex 1:6), the children of Israel were highly favored and blessed, and a new king appeareda king who did not know Joseph (Ex 2:6-7) nor all that he had done for Egypt (Gen 41: 37- 47:26), nor would he have cared. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Moustakas, Clark. After transcribing the interviews, and once a general sense of the whole description of the phenomenon has been gained, it is possible to formally engage with the data treatment in order to extract the invariant meaning units and themes that constitute the experience encountered by the participants. University of Toronto Press. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Psychol. The book also includes form letters and other research tools to use in designing and conducting a study., Moustakas, C. (1994). Change location, July 1994 | 208 pages | SAGE Publications, Inc. 1. Phenomenology is a form of inquiry that seeks to understand human experience (Moustakas, 1994), to explore phenomena and how it is perceived and experienced by individuals in the phenomenological event (Lester, 1999). If an individual were to get on the elevator and face the opposite way, the noema (social phenomenon) would be disrupted, because it goes against the noetic framework established by convention. These meanings should be considered a central part of the social reality that a study should report upon. The cookie is set by embedded Microsoft scripts. (2007). Phenomenological research methods for counseling psychology. When the relief came, Pharaoh reneged once again, remaining committed to his rebellious decision (Ex 9:13-35). With so many options, picking a major can be difficult. Stephanie Sheehan is a second-year Ph.D. student at Regent University where she is studying organizational leadership. Does it have an external existence or is it internally constructed? 9, 335354. However, since our approach is not purely fitting within the epistemological assumptions of positivism and neo-positivism, but rather it reflects the epistemological assumptions of the hermeneutical approach, we prefer to adopt imaginative variation, and remain consistent with our hybrid view that attempts to balance descriptive and interpretative methods of investigation. Share