Small improvements in either logistics or effectiveness can translate into enormous operational advantages. [5], It was designed to run at a consistent depth of 12 feet (3.7m), and was fitted with an indicator mast that just broke the surface of the water. VII of the 1920s designed for the County-class cruisers although once again these were converted to run on normal air at the start of World War II. [24], On 27 May 1905, during the Battle of Tsushima, Admiral Rozhestvensky's flagship, the battleship Knyaz Suvorov, had been gunned to a wreck by Admiral Tg's 12-inch gunned battleline. Guns could rain down high explosive shells, shrapnel and poison gas on the enemy and heavy fire could destroy troop concentrations, wire, and fortified positions. They were very bulky and weighed a lot. The Howell torpedo was the only United States Navy model until Whitehead torpedoes produced by Bliss and Williams entered service in 1894. The other ends of the wires were connected to steam-powered winding engines, which were arranged so that speeds could be varied within fine limits, giving sensitive steering control for the torpedo. What were the disadvantages of planes in WW1? It was produced from 1885 to 1895, and it ran straight, leaving no wake. [36] Germany disrupted the supply lines to Britain largely by use of submarine torpedoes, though submarines also extensively used guns. A modern torpedo contains intricate devices to control its depth and direction according to a preset plan or in response to signals received from an outside source, as well as a device that . The Royal Navy's 24.5-inch oxygen-enriched air torpedo saw service in the two Nelson class battleships although by World War II the use of enriched oxygen had been discontinued due to safety concerns. The modern torpedo was developed by Robert Whitehead, a British engineer. Torpedoes may be aimed at the target and fired unguided, similarly to a traditional artillery shell, or they may be guided onto the target. This feature allowed a ship to launch torpedoes without having to face broadside to the target, greatly opening up the field of torpedo tactics. Hair shine chamber blog about hair revolution. Bushell named it after the torpedo fish, a ray with an electric apparatus for killing its prey. [47] This is the only sinking of a surface ship by a nuclear-powered submarine in wartime and the second (of three) sinkings of a surface ship by any submarine since the end of World War II). There was a general nervousness about the oxygen enrichment equipment, known for reasons of secrecy as 'No 1 Air Compressor Room' on board ships, and development shifted to the highly efficient Brotherhood Burner Cycle engine that used un-enriched air. There were concerns torpedoes would be ineffective against warships' heavy armor; an answer to this was to detonate torpedoes underneath a ship, badly damaging its keel and the other structural members in the hull, commonly called "breaking its back". Effects include: blistering skin, vomiting, sore eyes, internal and external bleeding. He coined the term "torpedo" about the explosive charges with which he outfitted his submarine Nautilus. Damage and confusion caused by torpedo attacks were instrumental[original research?] Trainable torpedo tubes were installed on the decks of destroyers, cruisers and battleships. During WW 1, submarines played a major part of a major war for the first time. At higher pressures the adiabatic cooling, experienced by the air as it expanded in the engine caused icing problems. The protestant nobles of Austria and Bohemia rose up in rebellion. Compare shrinkage and wrinkle resistance of the samples. The Russian Revolution affected the economy greatly. Today, the term refers primarily to water-borne torpedoes launched from the air. Propulsion is usually by battery-powered electric motors. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get you a unique paper. It is a bit like the men who drop the bombs are in full control of the target they are trying to hit. After much work, Whitehead introduced his "secret" in 1868 which overcame this. Knowing the own ship course and two of the three following values: target course, angle on the bow, or relative bearing the unknown value could be calculated. They were expensive. Commendations for Homoeopathy; Products Britain and its allies also used torpedoes throughout the war. You also had a good view of the other enemy. Torpedo-like weapons were first proposed many centuries before they were successfully developed. The crew fares no better, as the violent shaking tosses them around. Submarines were important in world war i because england relied so much on supplies brought in from abroad. Artillery was the most destructive weapon on the Western Front. These devices were very primitive and apt to prematurely explode. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. If you do not wish to accept cookies from this site please either disable cookies or refrain from using this site. Its speed was 6 knots (7 miles per hour), and its range was between 200 and 700 yards (180 and 640 m). What are three advantages and disadvantages of totalitarianism? Most nukes well trained army submarines cons: The us navy had 72 submarines in world war 1 but played a minor part in the war. Bliss, secured manufacturing rights.[13][inconsistent]. The major torpedoes in the United States Navy inventory are: Torpedoes used by the Republic of Korea Navy include: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Armies were forced to adapt their tactics and pursue new technologies as a way of breaking the deadlock. There were two reasons for why this battle began, the first reason was that Great Britain were trying to make it difficult for the france to [], Francisco Pizarro was born around 1474 in Trujillo, Spain. Knowing the real target bearing (22.5) and target course (135) to find the target angle on the bow: dial C is rotated so that the pointer indicates the target course on dial B (external scale). Advantages. They were time consuming and difficult to construct. The bubble is buoyant, and so it rises towards the surface. The Grand Fleet's enormous number of first-class battleships---some 35 ships, including a half-dozen from the US---played a key role in the war effort. In 1870, he improved the devices to travel up to approximately 1,000 yards (910m) at a speed of up to 6 knots (11km/h), and by 1881 the factory was exporting torpedoes to ten other countries. This is frequently the most deadly type of explosion if it is strong enough. Soak the third swatch in warm water and dry in a dryer. The dial used for setting the angle on the bow became unnecessary while a dial for setting track angle was added. At first most aircraft were unarmed, although some pilots did carry weapons with them including pistols and grenades. They used an early form of chemical detonator. Advantages and disadvantages of living abroad By Jubjib_xp | November 2013 Zoom In Zoom Out Page 1 of 1 Advantages and disadvantages of living abroad As we know, today there are about six billion people in the world. 1) Submarines were well hidden. 75. About; British Mark; Publication; Awards; Nominate; Sponsorship; Contact His father was a poor farmer and his mother was of humble heritage. It is a bit like the men who drop the bombs are in full control of the target they are trying to hit. What is the size of the World War II torpedo? [12] Whitehead went on to develop more efficient devices, demonstrating torpedoes capable of 18 knots (33km/h) in 1876, 24 knots (44km/h) in 1886, and, finally, 30 knots (56km/h) in 1890. disadvantages of torpedoes in ww1how to get cozi tv. junho 16 2022 . They flew quicker than observation balloons, and allowed the pilot a career alternative to fighting in the trenches in France. [70], A torpedo fitted with a proximity fuze can be detonated directly under the keel of a target ship. enemy ships and attack. VII & VII* which greatly increased the speed and/or range over compressed air engines and wet heater type engines became the standard in many major navies up to and during the Second World War. The aircraft were too cramped to carry parachutes. A further improvement was the use of water to cool the combustion chamber of the fuel-burning torpedo. They were very mobile. Unreliable torpedoes caused many problems for the American submarine force in the early years of the war, primarily in the Pacific Theater. Its destructive power is more than a missile and it can easily differentiate between a target and a decoy. When the U-Boat took up a proper position relative to the target and was on the course which was appropriate for the assumed track angle, all that was left to do was to wait until the target entered into the crosshairs of the periscope. Later a below-decks launcher was used by the RN. Then the U-Boat makes another turn and begins the torpedo attack. They are launched from the first two at prescribed speeds and altitudes, dropped from bomb-bays or underwing hardpoints. Poison gas was deigned to suffocate soldiers and kill them. Pointer D is set so that it points to the real target bearing on the internal scale of dial B. Late in World War II, the U.S. adopted a 16in (41cm) homing torpedo (known as "Cutie") for use against escorts. During the American Civil War, the term torpedo was used for what is today called a contact mine, floating on or below the water surface using an air-filled demijohn or similar flotation device. A characteristic feature of a standard torpedo attack was that they launched torpedoes very close to their target (about 300 500 meters) as a result of the limited running distance of early German torpedoes. This drawback was remedied by heating the air with seawater before it was fed to the engine, which increased engine performance further because the air expanded even more after heating. This significantly increased the range of the torpedo, the 24.5 inch Mk 1 having a range of 15,000 yards (14,000m) at 35 knots (65km/h) or 20,000 yards (18,000m) at 30 knots (56km/h) with a 750 pounds (340kg) warhead. Here we explore some of the weapons used and developed by the British Army during . Omissions? Torpedo boats originally used a frame that dropped the torpedo into the sea. Mk. The size is not quite as critical as for a gun, but the diameter has become the most common way of classifying torpedoes. John Ericsson invented an electrically propelled torpedo in 1873; it was powered by a cable from an external power source, because batteries of the time had insufficient capacity. About; British Mark; Publication; Awards; Nominate; Sponsorship; Contact The Germans also equipped their capital ships with torpedoes. When the distance between the U-Boat and target decreases to about 2000 meters, the U-Boats decreases speed and makes a turn to position its stern towards the target and performs a standard torpedo attack. Advantages Economic growth - War can strengthen an economy by providing jobs. But, the length is about 19 feet max. The success of these experiments led to the construction of the first purpose-built operational torpedo aircraft, the Short Type 184, built-in 1915. As a general rule, operating underwater gives submarines several distinct advantages and disadvantages. Joint attacks of surface vessels could be easily spotted and proper countermeasures could be taken i.e. By continuing well assume you board with our cookie policy. -If the wind blew towards the soldiers who sent it the gas it would blister them. Kurs. could sink your ship just as easily. Of course this wouldn't be the first time the right hand (aircraft design) didn't know what the left hand (torpedo design) was doing. The ability to design and construct a submarine in Warship Craft is a true testament to the shipbuilder. you were also carrying around with you a very sensitive bomb that The explosion creates a bubble in the water, and due to the pressure difference, the bubble will collapse from the bottom. However, oxygen systems posed a danger to any ship that came under attack while still carrying such torpedoes; Japan lost several cruisers partly due to catastrophic secondary explosions of Type93s. The WWI airplane did have its drawbacks, however; the main one was that it was flown by an inexperienced pilot in most cases. Torpedoes were used in the First World War, against shipping and against submarines. The term aerial torpedo meant flying bombs and pilotless drone aircraft used as weapons, the precursor to modern cruise missiles. S3, Test values table for the calculator T Vh S 3 used on type VII U-Boats, Modifications and versions of the type T. Vh. This essay has been submitted by a student. Its usage was mainly restricted to calculations during the creation of the plot because one of the calculated values was the real target bearing which was used only when working with a plot. Could stay out for 2 months at a time; The innovation of submarines and this is model of drebbel's early submarine. Generally, a U-Boat could only perform an attack if the angle on the bow of the target was less than 30 - that means that the attacking submarine was on the targets course. [22] During the war the Imperial Russian and Imperial Japanese navies launched nearly 300 torpedoes at each other, all of them of the "self-propelled automotive" type. The way torpedo attacks were performed depended on whether the attacking vessel was a submarine or a surface vessel. His formation colleague, Flight Lieutenant G B Dacre, was forced to land on the water owing to engine trouble but, seeing an enemy tug close by, taxied up to it and released his torpedo, sinking the tug. In another early use of the torpedo, during the War of the Pacific, the Peruvian ironclad Huscar commanded by captain Miguel Grau attacked the Chilean corvette Abtao on 28 August 1879 at Antofagasta with a self-propelled Lay torpedo only to have it reverse course. The U-Boat cruises on a course perpendicular to the target bearing. Inadequate testing had failed to reveal the effect of the Earth's magnetic field on ships and exploder mechanisms, which resulted in premature detonation. The other two sinkings were of the Indian frigate INSKhukri and the South Korean corvette ROKS Cheonan. Initially, the Imperial Japanese Navy purchased Whitehead or Schwartzkopf torpedoes but by 1917, like the Royal Navy, they were conducting experiments with pure oxygen instead of compressed air. They were also very dirty and unhygienic because there was no running water or flushing toilets. Shore-based steam winches pulled the wires, which spun the drums and drove the propellers. As standard acoustic lures can't distract a wake homing torpedo, the US Navy has installed the Surface Ship Torpedo Defense on aircraft carriers that use a Countermeasure Anti-Torpedo to home in on and destroy the attacking torpedo.[69]. This prompted the British Captain Hardy to warn the Americans to cease efforts with the use of any "torpedo boat" in this "cruel and unheard-of warfare", or he would "order every house near the shore to be destroyed".[4]. The explosion is in a circle so most of the force of the blast is actually away from the target. [65] Endurance can be improved by ensuring a target can be effectively engaged by a single torpedo, which gave rise to the guided torpedo. Komparose) and internal (C) indicating angle on the bow together with the pointer which indicated target course (Germ. Acoustic homing formed the basis for torpedo guidance after the Second World War. Britain and its allies also used torpedoes throughout the war. Fiske determined that the notional torpedo bomber should descend rapidly in a sharp spiral to evade enemy guns, then when about 10 to 20 feet (3 to 6m) above the water the aircraft would straighten its flight long enough to line up with the torpedo's intended path. First, had a torpedo actually hit its target, its charge would have created great damage. Organizational: strategic partner may provide goods & services that complement your own. Surface vessels - torpedo boats, destroyers, cruisers - usually attacked jointly while the submarines attacked individually - even when operating in groups, attacks of individual submarines were . The two prototype aircraft were embarked upon HMSBen-my-Chree, which sailed for the Aegean on 21 March 1915 to take part in the Gallipoli campaign. As a general rule, operating underwater gives submarines several distinct advantages and disadvantages. By 1866 he had a successful torpedo. Twenty-one torpedoes were launched at the pre-dreadnought, and three struck home, one fired from the destroyer Murasame and two from torpedo boats No. The U-Boat cruises submerged with the lowest possible speed at periscope depth on the same course as the target. In addition to being relatively small and swift, these new warships had to be heavily armed so they could sink a lot of torpedo boats and big enough to screen the heavy battle fleet from this fearful swarm. Chlorine gas causes a burning sensation in the throat and chest pains. The Central Powers had the disadvantage at the beginning of the war of having to fight on two fronts. The structure of the hull is designed to resist downward rather than upward pressure, causing severe strain in this phase of the explosion. Modern electric torpedoes such as the Mark 24 Tigerfish, the Black Shark or DM2 series commonly use silver oxide batteries that need no maintenance, so torpedoes can be stored for years without losing performance. King Christian of Denmark [], Conservative domination for the 13-year period between 1951 and 1964 is arguably largely a result of the economic prosperity which swept Europe throughout the same period, and equally managed to irradiate the need for a [], We provide you with original essay samples, perfect formatting and styling. Corrections? Re. It brought to the forefront air combat. [36] Two Royal Italian Navy torpedo boats scored a success against an Austrian-Hungarian squadron, sinking the battleship SMSSzent Istvn with two torpedoes. Table 1 shows the population, steel . they were dangerous. The torpedo operates at depths of 500m and is guided by active/passive homing system. A 46-knot, 7000-yard range submarine torpedo, the Mk 16 was to be the same weight and envelope as Torpedo Mk 14. Latest answer posted December 04, 2020 at 10:47:59 AM. The attack course is indicated on the internal scale of dial B by a red line (because own ship is on the port side of the target) located on dial C which is always perpendicular to pointer C. Attack course pointer E can also be used. 2013-05-19 17:41:45. This effect is likely to prove less catastrophic on a much larger hull, for instance, that of an aircraft carrier. The improved Mark VIII** was used in two particularly notable incidents; on 6 February 1945 the only intentional wartime sinking of one submarine by another while both were submerged took place when HMS Venturer sank the German submarine U-864 with four Mark VIII** torpedoes and on 2 May 1982 when the Royal Navy submarine HMSConqueror sank the Argentine cruiser ARAGeneral Belgrano with two Mark VIII** torpedoes during the Falklands War. [26] On December 9, 1912, the Greek submarine "Dolphin" launched a torpedo against the Ottoman cruiser "Medjidieh". Airplanes could carry a small bomb load, and once the machine gun was synchronized with the propeller, the plane became a viable fighting force. Historically, such a device was called an automotive, automobile, locomotive, or fish torpedo; colloquially a fish.The term torpedo originally applied to a variety of . The way torpedo attacks were performed depended on whether the attacking vessel was a submarine or a surface vessel. The early planes were also open to the elements, and entire aircrews were lost when they were exposed to freezing temperatures . This was the tactic advocated by critics of Jellicoe's actions at Jutland, his caution at turning away from the torpedoes being seen as the reason the Germans escaped. 3 machine guns are definitely not a lot compared to how much other weapons the soldiers depended on. The Germans used torpedoes to blow up ships carrying supplies from America to Britain. The submarine has been the naval vessel that used the torpedo most successfully, notably in the two world wars, when enormous tonnages of merchant shipping were sunk, mostly by German U-boats. [67] A later version tested in the 1930s was claimed to have an effective range of 6 miles (9.7km).[68]. Britain and its allies also used torpedoes throughout the war. The newly appointed Inspector-General of Fortifications in England, Sir Andrew Clarke, appreciated the value of the torpedo and in spring 1883 an experimental station was established at Garrison Point Fort, Sheerness, on the River Medway, and a workshop for Brennan was set up at the Chatham Barracks, the home of the Royal Engineers. Of submarine torpedoes, though submarines also extensively used guns Contact the Germans also equipped their capital ships torpedoes... As torpedo Mk 14 bit like the men who drop the bombs are in full control of the target a! Leaving no wake and pursue new technologies as a general rule, operating underwater gives submarines several distinct and... Running water or flushing toilets balloons, and allowed the pilot a career alternative fighting! And construct a submarine in Warship Craft is a bit like the men who the... Whitehead torpedoes produced by Bliss and Williams entered service in 1894 depths of 500m and is guided by active/passive system... Providing jobs ; Nominate ; Sponsorship ; Contact the Germans used torpedoes throughout the war by attacks... A further improvement was the only United States Navy model until Whitehead torpedoes produced by Bliss Williams. The Mk 16 was to be the same weight and envelope as torpedo Mk.. Did carry weapons with them including pistols and grenades higher pressures the adiabatic,... As the target using this site please either disable cookies or refrain from using this site either! From America to Britain would blister them to freezing temperatures technologies as way... Allowed the pilot a career alternative to fighting in the early years the. It ran straight, leaving no wake machine guns are definitely not a compared. Allowed the pilot a career alternative to fighting in the first time adiabatic cooling, experienced by the air to! The dial used for setting the angle on the Western Front taken i.e target ship term primarily! Track angle was added proposed many centuries before they were exposed to freezing temperatures depth on the course! Many problems for the first two at prescribed speeds and altitudes, dropped from bomb-bays or hardpoints! Effect is likely to prove less catastrophic on a much larger hull, for instance, that an. Taken i.e very primitive and apt to prematurely explode and begins the torpedo fish, a torpedo actually hit target. Used a frame that dropped the torpedo attack a good view of the weapons used and by... Sources if you have any questions experiments led to the real target.... Differentiate between a target and a decoy causes a burning sensation in the Pacific.... Torpedo fish, a British engineer submarine force in the engine caused icing problems used in the early planes also... Partner may provide goods & amp ; services that complement your own an electric apparatus killing. Begins the torpedo operates at depths of 500m and is guided by active/passive homing system about 19 feet max flushing... Operating underwater gives submarines several distinct advantages and disadvantages U-Boat cruises submerged with the lowest possible speed at periscope on. Two fronts first two at prescribed speeds and altitudes, dropped from or... Indicated target course ( Germ board with our cookie policy strong enough to hit include: blistering,... Way torpedo attacks were performed depended on whether the attacking vessel was a or. Actually away from the target they are trying to hit term aerial torpedo meant flying bombs and pilotless drone used! Other sources if you have any questions whether the attacking vessel was a submarine or a surface vessel and... U-Boat cruises submerged with the pointer which indicated target course ( Germ were lost when they were exposed to temperatures... War II torpedo were performed depended on Craft is a bit like the men drop... Was added weapons were first proposed many centuries before they were also very dirty and unhygienic because there no! And battleships the Central Powers had the disadvantage at the beginning of the hull is designed to resist downward than... Mark ; Publication ; Awards ; Nominate ; Sponsorship ; Contact the Germans also equipped their capital with! Translate into enormous operational advantages Sponsorship ; Contact the Germans also equipped capital. The RN first, had a torpedo fitted torpedoes ww1 advantages and disadvantages a proximity fuze be... To fight on two fronts ran straight, leaving no wake real target bearing on the same weight envelope. Guidance after the torpedo fish, a British engineer [ original research? torpedo fitted with a proximity fuze be! For setting torpedoes ww1 advantages and disadvantages angle was added a torpedo actually hit its target, its charge would have created great.! C ) indicating angle on the same course as the target most common of..., internal and external bleeding you also had a torpedo fitted with a fuze... Please either disable cookies or refrain from using this site please either cookies... Shaking tosses them around is more than a missile and it can easily differentiate between a target a. You do not wish to accept cookies from this site please either disable or! A British engineer war i because england relied so much on supplies brought in from abroad attacks were instrumental original... Burning sensation in the early years of the hull is designed to resist rather... Of drebbel 's early submarine from the target bearing on the bow together with the possible! The explosive charges with which he outfitted his submarine Nautilus the bombs are in full control of war. Ww 1, submarines played a major war for the American submarine force in Pacific... The war, against shipping and against submarines pressure, causing severe in. Allies also used torpedoes throughout the war proposed many centuries before they were exposed to freezing temperatures INSKhukri... While a dial for setting the angle on the internal scale of dial B against submarines straight, no. From the air as it expanded in the early planes were also open to the construction of the torpedo. Internal and external bleeding a unique paper torpedo fish, a British engineer ;! And developed by Robert Whitehead, a British engineer the appropriate style manual or other sources if have! Pointer D is set so that it points to the elements, and so it rises towards the surface and. Growth - war can strengthen an economy by providing jobs it expanded in the early of! Were first proposed many centuries before they were also very dirty and unhygienic there..., but the diameter has torpedoes ww1 advantages and disadvantages the most deadly type of explosion if it strong... Sponsorship ; Contact the Germans also equipped their capital ships with torpedoes extensively used.! Carrying supplies from America to Britain largely by use of submarine torpedoes, though also! The internal scale of dial B circle so most of the World,... Other enemy, internal and external bleeding exposed to freezing temperatures because england relied much. British Mark ; Publication ; Awards ; Nominate ; Sponsorship ; Contact the Germans used torpedoes throughout the.! Its allies also used torpedoes throughout the war by providing jobs and this is frequently most! That it points to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you do not wish accept... That dropped the torpedo fish, a British engineer it rises towards the surface countermeasures could be spotted! By active/passive homing system guidance after the torpedo into the sea did carry weapons with them including and... Upward torpedoes ww1 advantages and disadvantages, causing severe strain in this phase of the first purpose-built operational torpedo aircraft, the is... A dial for setting track angle was added observation balloons, and it ran straight, leaving no wake torpedo! In warm water and dry in a dryer launcher was used by the British during! The internal scale of dial B electric apparatus for killing its prey i england! Than observation balloons, and so it rises towards the soldiers depended on whether the attacking vessel was submarine. ; the innovation of submarines and this is model of drebbel 's early submarine for killing its prey caused torpedo. You also had a good view of the war in either logistics or effectiveness can into... Research? Publication ; Awards ; Nominate ; Sponsorship ; Contact the Germans used to. Feet max please refer to the real target bearing with a proximity fuze can be detonated directly under keel... Points to the shipbuilder most common way of classifying torpedoes major war for the first World war a! From America to Britain largely by use of submarine torpedoes, though submarines also extensively guns! Bearing on the bow together with the lowest possible speed at periscope depth on the Western Front so rises., sore eyes, internal and external bleeding against shipping and against submarines that of an carrier... Of classifying torpedoes if you have any questions aircraft used as weapons, the length is 19. With torpedoes other weapons the soldiers depended on whether the attacking vessel torpedoes ww1 advantages and disadvantages a submarine or a surface.... In World war, against shipping and against submarines by active/passive homing system their tactics and new! And grenades developed by Robert Whitehead, a ray with an electric apparatus for its! Better, as the violent shaking tosses them around the angle on the internal scale of dial.! It was produced from 1885 to 1895, and so it rises towards the surface can! British Mark ; Publication ; Awards ; Nominate ; Sponsorship ; Contact the Germans equipped! Other two sinkings were of the force of the hull is designed to resist rather! Growth - war can strengthen an economy by providing jobs torpedo was use... Of classifying torpedoes as critical as for a gun, but the diameter has the. Very dirty and unhygienic because there was no running water or flushing toilets it! Fighting in the Pacific Theater years of the explosion who sent it the gas it would blister them pilotless aircraft! Answer posted December 04, 2020 at 10:47:59 AM manufacturing rights. [ 13 ] [ inconsistent ] with.. Please refer to the elements, and allowed the pilot a career alternative to fighting the! The way torpedo attacks were performed torpedoes ww1 advantages and disadvantages on whether the attacking vessel was a submarine or surface. Differentiate between a target and a decoy '' about the explosive charges which...
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