7 reviews. Japanese supporting aircraft carrier in the corresponding Aleutian Islands Invasion. President Harry S. Truman appointed him ambassador to the Philippines in January 1952, and he served until March 1955. 108 planes under Juichi Tomanaga bomb and strafe Midway. The slow-moving Devastators were easy targets for the Japanese gunners and Mitsubishi A6M2 Zero fighters, and all 15 were shot down. The heavily fortified islands, former British possessions, were of strategic value because of their good landing strips and naval base. Notwithstanding their different personalities, Spruance and Halsey were close friends. One commentator said: The quick success of the offensive was attributed to the strategic daring by which Vice Admiral Spruances forces cut behind the eastern chain of the Marshalls. They would draw them north to deal with a Japanese invasion in the bleak Aleutian Islands, and then strike at unprotected Midway. [11] Although Spruance was proven as a cruiser division commander, he had no experience handling carrier-air combat; Halsey reassured Nimitz, and he told Spruance and Fletcher to rely on their newly inherited staff, particularly Captain Miles Browning, a battle-proven expert in carrier warfare. Leaving, he assumed command of USS Mississippi. US Navy SBD dive bombers at the Battle of Midway, June 4, 1942. By shortly after 9 a.m., planes from Yorktown were also on their way. Early in his career he was He commanded U.S. naval forces during two of the most significant naval battles that took place in the Pacific Theatre: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. He disliked personal publicity and had a reputation for freezing reporters who invaded his privacy. On the afternoon of June 4, 24 American dive bombersincluding 10 refugees from Yorktownscored four hits on Hiryu. The Japanese felt that they had won the encounter. As his staff worked, Halsey used the fleet to win the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Armed with this information, Fletcher ordered Spruance to launch a strike at the Japanese with Enterprise and Hornet while holding Yorktown in reserve in case the other Japanese carriers were discovered. D. Suburban America, 100 POINTS! His achievements were well-known, but the man himself was a mystery. His chance would come. [27], Spruance was an active man who thought nothing of walking eight or 10 miles a day. The Japanese navy could never accept this catastrophic loss. He was the grandfather of legendary theatre director Anne Bogart. His air group is credited with the sinking of 4 Japanese aircraft carriers during Midway. He also commanded Task Force 16 at the Battle of Midway, comprising the carriers Enterprise and Hornet. Known for his calm in moments of crisis, Admiral Spruance became one of the U.S. Navy's largest assets in World War II. But we went in and took their possessions in a few days, without the loss of a single ship. In the opening weeks of the conflict, Spruance's cruisers served under Vice Admiral William "Bull" Halsey and took part in raids against the Gilbert and Marshall Islands before striking Wake Island. Captain George C. Dyer of the light cruiser Astoria, who served under both Spruance and Halsey, summed up the view of many ship captains: My feeling was one of confidence when Spruance was there. He suggested Spruance replace him as commander of the Fleet carrier force, despite the fact that Spruce had little experience with carriers. With the island's fall, Spruance immediately moved forward with Operation Iceberg. Two years later, he aided in the fitting out of USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) then under construction in the yard. Mounting a tenacious defense, the Japanese held out for over a month. At that moment 37 Douglas Dauntless bombers from the USS Enterprise peeled off into a dive attack on two . [3] After the war, Spruance was appointed President of the Naval War College, and later served as American ambassador to the Philippines. [17], The Battle of Midway is considered by many to be a turning point of the war in the Pacific, along with the Guadalcanal campaign. On August 1, 1941, he finished his tour in Puerto Rico. The sole survivor of the squadrons 30 officers and men was Ensign George H. Gay, Jr., who spent several hours floating in the water, watching the battle. This was in July 1938, and this time he was the battleships commander. Capturing and occupying Midway was the brainchild-plan of commander-in-chief of the Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. After Midway, although the Japanese still held a temporary advantage in vessels and planes, the U.S. Navy and the nation gained confidence and, most critically, time. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except perhaps with his family and his closest friends. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. When you moved into Admiral Spruance's command, the printed instructions were up to date, and you did things in accordance with them.[19]. Raymond Ames Spruance as Ambassador to the Republic of the Philippines Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitscher, Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz and Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee - 1945 Japanese Admiral in command of the second division of the carrier strike force based on Aircraft Carrier IJN Hiryu. World War II: Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher, World War II: Battle of the Philippine Sea. It faced a Japanese invasion fleet organized into two groups: the air-attack task force of four carriers with support ships under command of Admiral Chichi Nagumo, and the surface and occupation forces under Admiral Nobutake Kond and others. Midway bought the United States valuable time until the new Essex-class fleet carriers became available at the end of the year. Only 17 of the islands 4,690 Japanese defenders survived to become prisoners. His wife, Margaret Dean (18881985), is buried alongside him, as are Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, his longtime friend Admiral Richmond K. Turner, and Admiral Charles A. Lockwood, an arrangement made by all of them while living. The Japanese managed to inflict only superficial damage on three ships. In May 1942, intelligence suggested that the Japanese were planning on assaulting Midway Island. Spruance also held several engineering . He served as Assistant Chief of Staff under Vice admiral Philip Andrews during the period of tensions between Greece and Turkey and was decorated with the Gold Cross of the Order of the Savior by the Government of Greece for his service. "[16] Both Fletcher and Nimitz recommended Spruance for the Distinguished Service Medal for his role in the battle. When Vice Adm. Bull Halsey was confined to a hospital with a skin disease, Pacific Fleet Commander Nimitz appointed Spruance to succeed him as commander of Task Force 16. Spruances fleet had prevented the Japanese from reinforcing the Saipan garrison. From there, he went on to graduate from the U.S. Then, reflect on the education opportunities that God has provided us today. He has appeared on The History Channel as a featured expert. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. https://www.historynet.com/admiral-raymond-a-spruance-modest-victor-of-midway/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, How Operation Homecoming Was Sprung into Action to Repatriate American POWs. The three-day operation was the most extensive ever undertaken by carriers. At 8:20 a.m., Nagumos observers reported a group of American ships 200 miles away. In July 1907 he transferred to the battleship Minnesota and was aboard her during the historic around the world cruise of the Great White Fleet from 1907 to 1909. At Midway, Spruance's force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. By 1939, at the age of 53, Spruance had spent 18 years at sea. He was commissioned an ensign in 1908, and during a tour of shore duty he took a postgraduate course in electrical engineering in Schenectady, N.Y. B. No detail was too small to bring these American prisoners home. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. He later volunteered to fly a damaged plane and was killed leading the second of Hiryu's counterattacks against the USS Yorktown. Raymond Ames Spruance (July 3, 1886 - December 13, 1969) was a United States Navy admiral during World War II. Towards the end of that year, Spruance commanded a cruiser division supporting Admiral Halsey's carrier, the 'Enterprise', at Wake Island. On April 28, the last day of the invasion, Spruances command was redesignated as the Fifth Fleet. His new duties involved planning rather than operations, and Spruance chafed for more action. Besides his family, he loved the companionship of his pet schnauzer, Peter. He also held several engineering, intelligence, staff and Naval War College positions up to the 1940s. Photograph Courtesy of the US Naval History & Heritage Command. He was fond of symphonic music, and his tastes were generally simple. Raymond A. Spruance. serious damage on the islands installations. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance displayed outstanding leadership and command capabilities during the battle that turned the tide in the Pacific. It was a cool, clear day. This was said to be the first time that a four-star admiral took part in a sea action aboard one of the ships engaged. It was interesting work, but I wouldnt want to do it for a living. The following year, the new admiral was ordered to the Pacific. By then 43 years old, Commander Spruance went to sea againaboard the battleship Mississippi from 1929 to 1931. Enterprise dive bombers critically damaged two Japanese carriers including Nagumo's flagship Akagi; while the Yorktown air group, launched after Fletcher was confident that all Japanese carriers were accounted for, crippled the Soryu. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. World War II: Admiral Raymond Spruance. After his flagship, the IJN Hiryu, was fatally damaged, he and the Hiryu's captain Tomeo Kaku locked themselves in the bridge and went down with their ship. Spruance's rise to fame . How did Paul's education Determining that New Mexico was not too badly damaged to remain on station Spruance kept her as his flagship for the rest of the campaign. Raymond Spruance was born in Baltimore on July 3, 1886, the son of Alexander and Annie Spruance. the prospects for its inclusion in doctrine The logical starting point is Admiral Chester Nimitz's famous "letter of instruction" (actually, of course, transmitted . Admiral Spruance died on 13 December 1969, at his home in Pebble Beach , California. He commanded the battleship USS Mississippi from April 1938 to December 1939, when he was promoted to rear admiral. For most of the war, Spruance preferred to use the heavy cruiser USSIndianapolis, named for his hometown, as his flagship. It was the only aircraft carrier in the presence of Midway Island to survive the dive bomber attack and launched two and a half waves of planes against the United States Navy. In April 1942 he offered support to carriers that launched the Doolittle Raid, an air raid on Tokyo and other parts of Honshu island. The carriers were on station on June 2, and the following day Japanese transport ships were spotted 600 miles west of Midway Island. Raised in Indianapolis, IN, he attended school locally and graduated from Shortridge High School. For about 20 minutes, fighters, dive bombers and torpedo bombers pounded the island, carefully avoiding damaging the runways because the Japanese hoped to eventually use them. Before Midway, a small and fractional U.S. Navy faced an overwhelmingly larger and battle-hardened Japanese Combined Fleet. Raymond A. Spruance emerged from the battle one of the greatest admirals in American naval history". I can thank heredity for a sound constitution, and myself for taking care of that constitution." [25], Spruance was President of the Naval War College from February 1946 until he retired from the Navy in July 1948. Lieutenant in command of the USS Enterprise air group. Locating the Japanese carriers as they were rearming and refueling their aircraft, American bombers inflicted massive damage and sank three. And with this battle the American forces gained, and afterwards continued to gain, hard combat experience; so the Japanese lost that crucial advantage as well. Most historians consider Midway the turning point of the Pacific War.[1]. Kennedy Hickman is a historian, museum director, and curator who specializes in military and naval history. Admiral William L. Calhoun saw him as a cold-blooded fighting fool. The U.S. fleet lost fewer men, but it lost a fleet carrier while the Japanese lost only the light carrier Shoho. Richmond Kelly Turner and Harry W. Hill and Marine Generals Holland M. Smith and Julian C. Smith. society in the 1950s? Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighters, Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers and Douglas TBD-1 Devastator torpedo bombers thundered off the flight decks and rose to search for the enemy carriers. Then he returned to the Naval War College as a staff member. He received his Doctor of Jurisprudence (J.D. The son of Alexander and Annie Spruance, Raymond Ames Spruance was born at Baltimore, MD on July 3, 1886. The Americans lost 74 carrier planes; the Japanese 80. Admiral Raymond Spruance served in US Navy during World War Two. Spruance was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, and in May 1943 he was promoted to vice admiral. Hickman, Kennedy. The Battle of Midway infused the U.S. Pacific Navy with confidence. Falling ill with shingles, Halsey recommended that Spruance lead Task Force 16, centered on the carriers USS Enterprise (CV-6) and USS Hornet (CV-8), in his stead. Some people asked why he did not take take advantage of the chaotic scene to attack all of Japans air carriers. Early on, Halsey had led his task force on hit-and-run raids against the Japanese in the western Pacific: striking the Gilbert and Marshall islands in February 1942, Wake Island in March, and projecting the air power of the Doolittle Raid against the Japanese homeland in April. Carrier units of his force penetrated waters of the Japanese homeland and Nansei Shoto. In October 1946 he was awarded the Armys Distinguished Service Medal for his exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services during the capture of the Marshall and Mariana islands. Spruance did not want to leave troops on the Marianas islands unguarded as he chased Jisaburo Ozawas retreating fleet. The Gilberts attack was planned and directed by Spruance, with the assistance of Rear Adms. As Allied forces battled on the island, Spruance's ships defeated Operation Ten-Go on April 7 which saw the Japanese battleship Yamato attempt to break through to the island. British Royal Navy units helped support the landings. This gave rise to the description of Spruance as "an Admiral's admiral". United States Rear Admiral in command of Task Force 17 on the USS Yorktown. Yamato class battleship that served as the Japanese Combined Fleet's Flagship, housing Admiral Yamamoto. Not till many months later did American intelligence ferret out the facts."[33]. King said to him "Spruance, you did a damn fine job there. The surviving carrier, Hiry, gave the Japanese some brief respite by sending strikes that again damaged Yorktown. Official Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison characterized Spruance's performance as "superb", and he was nicknamed "electric brain" for his calmness even in moments of supreme crisis, a reputation enhanced by his successful tactics. The American losses were Yorktown, destroyer Hammann and 147 planes. Once theBattle of the Philippine Sea came to an end, Spruance returned to Pearl Harbour to help plan other landings in the future. For his actions, Spruance received the Distinguished Service Medal and, later that month, Nimitz named him as his Chief of Staff and Aide. Then Nagumo was dumbfounded to receive a search planes report of 10 enemy ships to the northeast, where no U.S. ships were supposed to be. Maintaining a position offshore, the Fifth Fleet's ships were subjected to relentless kamikaze attacks by Japanese aircraft. US Naval Task force under Raymond Spruance with 2 carriers, Enterprise and Hornet. This saw Allied forces move against Okinawa in the Ryukyu Islands. During the operation, the Fifth Fleet burned up 630 million gallons of fuelmore than the entire Pacific Fleet used in 1943. Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. The Japanese had been overconfident, and the Americans taught them a bitter lesson. The Battle of Midway was a turning point in the Pacific War. A. Desegregation of Society The USS Enterprise ambushes and sinks the Hiryu. Yorktown and Task Force 17 were under the command of Rear Adm. Frank Jack Fletcher. Despite this, some detractors argued that Spruances tactics at Philippine Sea were overly cautious. The battle would open in the mist-shrouded Aleutians with airstrikes against Dutch Harbor on June 3, followed by landings at three points on June 6. Spruance's seagoing career included command of the destroyers Bainbridge from March 1913 to May 1914, Osborne, three other destroyers, and the battleship Mississippi. Four days after the invasion, all immediate objectives had been taken, and by February 8, 1944, all organized resistance had ceased. Recently promoted to rear admiral, Spruance was assigned to command a division of cruisers in the Pacific under Admiral Nimitz in 1941. "[28], The destroyers Spruance(DD-963), lead ship of the Spruance class of destroyers, and Spruance(DDG-111), 61st ship of the Arleigh Burke class of destroyers, were named in his honor.[29]. As the war progressed, Spruance became one of two primary fleet commanders, the other being Admiral William "Bull" Halsey, employed by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz. He managed to gain an appointment from Indiana to the U.S. She went down with Admiral Yamaguchi, an outstanding flag officer who, it was said, would have been Yamamotos successor had he lived. However, his actions were both praised and understood by the main persons ordering and directly involved in the battle. In fact, Spruance had a knack for getting along with difficult people, including his friend Admiral Kelly Turner, the hotheaded commander of 5th Fleet's amphibious force. Arriving back in the United States, he underwent additional training in electrical engineering at General Electric before being posted to USS Connecticut (BB-18) in May 1910. Yet because of his modest, retiring nature, Spruance was never a popular hero in the manner of Admirals Nimitz, William F. Halsey and Marc A. Mitscher. northwestward of Midway. While both Fletcher and Spruance were rear admirals, Fletcher was senior and nominally in overall command. Then it was back to Pebble Beach. At Midway, Spruances force inflicted on the Imperial Japanese Navy its worst setback in 350 years. He was uniquely modest and candid about himself all his life. Raymond Ames Spruance was born in Baltimore, Maryland on July 3, 1886, to Alexander and Annie Spruance, but grew up in Indianapolis. He did not discuss his private life, feelings, prejudices, hopes or fears, except with his family and his closest friends. Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, U.S. Navy, April 1955 . 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