The 1557, 1575 and 1607 bankruptcies of the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs though damaged the Fuggers substantially. Eventually . The crown was probably made in western Germany under Ottone I with additions from Corrado II, entirely under Corrado II, or under Corrado III. Emperor Ferdinand III formally accepted Dutch neutrality in 1653, a decision ratified by the Reichstag in 1728. The kings beginning with Rudolf I of Germany increasingly relied on the lands of their respective dynasties to support their power. The Reichskammergericht and the Auclic Council were the two highest judicial instances in the Old Empire. The crown of eight hinged golden plates was probably made in Western Germany for the Imperial coronation of Otto I in 962, with later additions by Conrad II. Higher-ranking princes had individual votes, while lower-ranking princes were grouped into "colleges" by geography. The twelve stones on the front and back plates are probably a direct reference to the twelve stones of the Jewish high priest's breastplate or hoshen (Exodus 39:9-14) and to the twelve foundation stones of the New Jerusalem in the Revelation to John (Revelation 21: 19-21). The Holy Roman Empire was neither a centralized state nor a nation-state. Peter Wilson argues that the institutions and structures developed by the Imperial Reform mostly served German lands and, although the Habsburg monarchy "remained closely entwined with the Empire", the Habsburgs deliberately refrained from including their other territories in its framework. [144][145][146][147] Other than the desire to achieve legal unity and other factors, the adoption also highlighted the continuity between the Ancient Roman empire and the Holy Roman Empire. After his victory, Frederick did not act upon his promise to keep the two realms separate. Going by the given areas, Wilson's figures only include the German and Czech speaking parts of the Reich, thus excluding the French (e.g. He became afraid to act when the Catholic Church was forcibly reasserting control in Austria and Hungary, and the Protestant princes became upset over this. [217][218] In turn, the Habsburgs' imperial rule also "depended on holding these additional extensive lands as independent sources of wealth and prestige. [211][212][213] During his rule, Maximilian I had a double focus on both the East and the West. [272], A Jewish minority and Muslim minority existed in the Holy Roman Empire. Maria Theresa By referring the political matters in Tyrol, Austria as well as Imperial problems to the Court Chancery, Maximilian gradually centralized its authority. This state developed into modern Germany. In Italian and Hanseatic cities like Genoa and Venice, Hamburg and Lbeck, warrior-merchants appeared and pioneered raiding-and-trading maritime empires. The league declined after 1450. His reign in Bohemia is often considered the land's Golden Age. Choose from various themes to access and explore the history of the Habsburg Monarchy, for example work, love ordeath. Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War allowed Calvinism, but Anabaptists, Arminians and other Protestant communities would still lack any support and continue to be persecuted well until the end of the Empire. Henry also had plans for turning the Empire into a hereditary monarchy, although this met with opposition from some of the princes and the Pope. DescriptionCrown of the Holy Roman Empire (Heraldry).pdf. For electors the title became hereditary, and they were given the right to mint coins and to exercise jurisdiction. Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire. After the death of Frederick II in 1250, the German kingdom was divided between his son Conrad IV (died 1254) and the anti-king, William of Holland (died 1256). [37], In a decree following the Diet of Cologne in 1512, the name was changed to the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (German: Heiliges Rmisches Reich Deutscher Nation, Latin: Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanic),[44] a form first used in a document in 1474. Herbert W. Armstrong, God's apostle and an end-time type of Elijah (Matthew 17:11; Malachi 3:1), boldly declared this prophecy. The Holy Roman Emperor was always a Catholic. The Ottonians, just like their Carolingian predecessors, developed and refined their material, cultural, intellectual, and administrative inheritance in ways that fit their own time. [75] Henry reached a truce with the raiding Magyars, and in 933 he won a first victory against them in the Battle of Riade. The direct governance of the Reichsgut no longer matched the needs of either the king or the dukes. He emphasized the "Romanness" of the empire, partly in an attempt to justify the power of the emperor independent of the (now strengthened) pope. Hence, it is called the Pompeii of the Arab world and it is the most visited place in Jordan . [152][153], Maximilian and Charles V (despite the fact both emperors were internationalists personally[157][158]) were the first who mobilized the rhetoric of the Nation, firmly identified with the Reich by the contemporary humanists. The Holy Roman Empire's Quiet End: August 6, 1806. Boettcher remarks that marriage policy also played an important role here, "The marital policy of the Staufer ranged from Iberia to Russia, from Scandinavia to Sicily, from England to Byzantium and to the crusader states in the East. His annexation of Sicily changed the strategic balance in the Italian peninsula. [108] The political power of the Empire was maintained, but the conflict had demonstrated the limits of the ruler's power, especially in regard to the Church, and it robbed the king of the sacral status he had previously enjoyed. Otto III's (and his mentor Pope Sylvester's) diplomatic activities coincided with and facilitated the Christianization and the spread of Latin culture in different parts of Europe. During the Hohenstaufen period, German princes facilitated a successful, peaceful eastward settlement of lands that were uninhabited or inhabited sparsely by West Slavs. Imperial Crown, also called Crown Of Charlemagne, crown created in the 10th century for coronations of the Holy Roman emperors. The map shows the territorial development of the Habsburg Monarchy as it evolved into a sprawling, geographically fragmentedempire. The crown and other Regalia remained in Vienna until the Anschluss of March 1938, when they were brought back to Nuremberg (this time in the Katharinenkirche) by Nazi Germany in line with their promotion of the city as repository of mythicized ancient German traditions. The third class was the Council of Imperial Cities, which was divided into two colleges: Swabia and the Rhine. [247][248], The Imperial Diet (Reichstag) resided variously in Paderborn, Bad Lippspringe, Ingelheim am Rhein, Diedenhofen (now Thionville), Aachen, Worms, Forchheim, Trebur, Fritzlar, Ravenna, Quedlinburg, Dortmund, Verona, Minden, Mainz, Frankfurt am Main, Merseburg, Goslar, Wrzburg, Bamberg, Schwbisch Hall, Augsburg, Nuremberg, Quierzy-sur-Oise, Speyer, Gelnhausen, Erfurt, Eger (now Cheb), Esslingen, Lindau, Freiburg, Cologne, Konstanz and Trier before it was moved permanently to Regensburg. An argument for continuity should not, however, be confused with a claim for stasis. Napoleon left the pope alone for a time because, once again, war threatened the French empire. It originated with the partition of the Frankish Empire following the Treaty of Verdun in 843, and lasted until its dissolution in 1806 during the . [citation needed]. When he died in 1137, the princes again aimed to check royal power; accordingly they did not elect Lothair's favoured heir, his son-in-law Henry the Proud of the Welf family, but Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen family, the grandson of Emperor Henry IV and thus a nephew of Emperor Henry V. This led to over a century of strife between the two houses. Before this, cities had only existed in the form of old Roman foundations or older bishoprics. Cities that were founded in the 12th century include Freiburg, possibly the economic model for many later cities, and Munich. This is a ceremony which signifies the role of the Pope, as the representative of God on Earth, to crown Christian sovereigns. [190] Charles initiated his reign in Castile and Aragon, a union which evolved into Spain, in conjunction with his mother Joanna of Castile. Otto's being crowned emperor marked the beginning of a succession of emperors that would continue unbroken for over eight centuries. Holy Roman Empire 1400 flag and Holy Roman Empire 14th century 3x5ft single sided and double sided of your choice 2 Different versions flags. The Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine was replaced by a new union, the German Confederation in 1815, following the end of the Napoleonic Wars. [179], In the 1450s, the economic development in Southern Germany gave rise to banking empires, cartels and monopolies in cities such as Ulm, Regensburg and Augsburg. A prospective Emperor first had to be elected King of the Romans (Latin: Rex Romanorum; German: rmischer Knig). Whether and to what degree he had to be German was disputed among the Electors, contemporary experts in constitutional law, and the public. Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment; current: 01:48, 8 September 2009: 262 300 A number of cities held official status, where the Imperial Estates would summon at Imperial Diets, the deliberative assembly of the empire. From 1508, after his election, the German King no longer called for the coronation by the Pope either, but considered himself Roman emperor directly. Barring the loss of Franche-Comt in 1678, the external borders of the Empire did not change noticeably from the Peace of Westphalia which acknowledged the exclusion of Switzerland and the Northern Netherlands, and the French protectorate over Alsace to the dissolution of the Empire. beginning with the coronation of Charlemagne in 800 ad. The Holy Roman Empire eventually came to be composed of four kingdoms. judy norton children; court ordered community service california Although made for Otto the Great (912-973), it was named for Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman emperor. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Up to that time, he remained in Germany, while a deposed duke, Crescentius II, ruled over Rome and part of Italy, ostensibly in his stead. In the period c . Several Emperors attempted to reverse this steady dilution of their authority but were thwarted both by the papacy and by the princes of the Empire. [251], In 1495 the Reichskammergericht was established, which variously resided in Worms, Augsburg, Nuremberg, Regensburg, Speyer and Esslingen before it was moved permanently to Wetzlar. This group eventually developed into the college of Electors. [36] Scholars generally concur in relating an evolution of the institutions and principles constituting the empire, describing a gradual assumption of the imperial title and role.[37][30]. The Holy Roman Empire existed from 962 to 1806. Lutheranism was officially recognized in the Peace of Augsburg of 1555, and Calvinism in the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. Some, like Mortimer Chambers,[72] opine that the Carolingian Renaissance made possible the subsequent renaissances (even though by the early tenth century, the revival already diminished).[73]. After the Dutch revolt against Spain erupted, the Empire remained neutral, de facto allowing the Netherlands to depart the empire in 1581. The crown of Charlemagne holds great significance for many Europeans. : Crown of prince of the Holy Roman Empire.svg. After a king is elected by a group of prince-electors, the Coronation of the Holy Roman Emperor is held. Above the front plate and in front of the arch is a jeweled cross with an engraving of the crucified Christ on its reverse side, originally a pectoral cross said to have belonged to Henry II and only later attached to the Imperial Crown. Napoleon reorganized much of the Empire into the Confederation of the Rhine, a French satellite. Many of these Kleinstaaten ("little states") covered no more than a few square miles, and/or included several non-contiguous pieces, so the Empire was often called a Flickenteppich ("patchwork carpet"). [233] Imperial Italy was more centralized, most of it c. 1600 being divided between Savoy (Savoy, Piedmont, Nice, Aosta), the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Tuscany, bar Lucca), the Republic of Genoa (Liguria, Corisca), the duchies of Modena-Reggio and Parma-Piacenza (Emilia), and the Spanish Duchy of Milan (most of Lombardy), each with between half a million and one and a half million people. Early in Maximilian's reign, the Court Chancery at Innsbruck competed with the Imperial Chancery (which was under the elector-archbishop of Mainz, the senior Imperial chancellor). [138][137][139], The most important governmental changes targeted the heart of the regime: the chancery. You can block or delete these cookies in your browser settings, but in doing so you risk the danger of preventing several parts of the website from functioning properly. The "constitution" of the Empire still remained largely unsettled at the beginning of the 15th century. Throughout the first half of its history the Holy Roman Empire was reigned over by a travelling court. In Germany, the Emperor had repeatedly protected Henry the Lion against complaints by rival princes or cities (especially in the cases of Munich and Lbeck). Many factors contribute to this result. After 1257, the crown was contested between Richard of Cornwall, who was supported by the Guelph party, and Alfonso X of Castile, who was recognized by the Hohenstaufen party but never set foot on German soil. The Bible does not describe the Persian "royal headdress," though the Persian monarch himself ordinarily wore one consisting of a stiff cap, perhaps of cloth or of felt, that had a blue-and-white band around it . Austrian Empire. After returning to Germany, an embittered Frederick opened proceedings against the Duke, resulting in a public ban and the confiscation of all Henry's territories. The present red velvet cap on the inside of the crown dates from the 17th century. According to Brady Jr. though, under all the glitter, one problem arose: the government showed an inability to deal with the German immigrant waves into Bohemia, thus leading to religious tensions and persecutions. This week on the Key of . HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. RT @Tjeerd001: The gold crown of the Holy Roman Empire during the 10th century,set with gemstones,pearls and enamel . The two Scandinanvian monarchies honoured the obligations to come to the aid of the Empire in the wars of seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Except for a period under Rudolf II (reigned 15701612) who moved to Prague, Vienna kept its primacy under his successors. The crown was used in the coronation of the King of the Romans, the title assumed by the Emperor-elect immediately after his election. [130] After 1440, the reform of the Empire and Church was sustained and led by local and regional powers, particularly the territorial princes. In many cases, this took several years while the King was held up by other tasks: frequently he first had to resolve conflicts in rebellious northern Italy or was quarreling with the Pope himself. The crown has a single arch (or hoop) from the front to the back plate with the name and imperial style of Conrad II (1024-1039) in seed pearls[6] On the left side of this arch these seed pearls spell out the words "Conrad, by the Grace of God" (CHUONRADUS DEI GRATIA), while on the right side they read "Emperor of the Romans, Augustus" (ROMANORU[M] IMPERATOR AUG[USTUS]). Even the trigger for the conception of the Imperial Reform under Sigismund was the idea of helping the Church to put its house in order. [252], The Habsburg royal family had its own diplomats to represent its interests. 1.35 million population given for the Duchy of Milan. In the 18th century, the French writer and philosopher Voltaire said, ? The Imperial Chamber court's composition was determined by both the Holy Roman Emperor and the subject states of the Empire. While concentrated on establishing a modern, centralized state in Sicily, he was mostly absent from Germany and issued far-reaching privileges to Germany's secular and ecclesiastical princes: in the 1220 Confoederatio cum principibus ecclesiasticis, Frederick gave up a number of regalia in favour of the bishops, among them tariffs, coining, and fortification. , Amman, remain even better than those of Pompeii despite not having been covered by lava from a volcano. On his death at the age of 31 though, he was unable to pass his powerful position to his son, Frederick II, who had only been elected King of the Romans. When Bohemians rebelled against the Emperor, the immediate result was the series of conflicts known as the Thirty Years' War (161848), which devastated the Empire. Jahrhundert unter dem Einfluss der Konfessionen", "H-German Roundtable on Smith, Germany: A Nation in Its Time Before, During, and After Nationalism, 15002000 | H-German | H-Net", "Forster on Brady Jr., 'German Histories in the Age of Reformations, 14001650' | H-German | H-Net", "A troubled marriage. It was basically just Germany with a fancy name slapped on, but it . Its eight hinged plates are arched at the top. [186][187][188] Conflicts with the Habsburg-Spanish government in 1576 and 1585 though made merchants relocate to Amsterdam, which eventually replaced it as the leading port city.[189][185]. The empire evolved into a decentralized, limited . He avoided direct confrontations, which might lead to humiliation if the princes refused to give way. A large portion of the former duchy had been annexed by the Venetian Republic earlier in the 18th century. The cost was 12 euros each for seniors (13 regular charge). In the early 1500s, he was true master of the Empire, although his power weakened during the last decade before his death. [71] In the ninth century, Charlemagne and his successors promoted the intellectual revival, known as the Carolingian Renaissance. [52] After its dissolution through the end of the German Empire, it was often called "the old Empire" (das alte Reich). In the 12th century the Hanseatic League established itself as a commercial and defensive alliance of the merchant guilds of towns and cities in the empire and all over northern and central Europe. taken from "Meyers Kleines Konversationslexikon in sechs Bnden. 2. At the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, most of the Holy Roman Empire was included in the German Confederation, with the main exceptions being the Italian states. In practice, the imperial troops often had local allegiances stronger than their loyalty to the Emperor. Anabaptism came in a variety of denominations, including Mennonites, Schwarzenau Brethren, Hutterites, the Amish, and multiple other groups. However, today Charlemagne's Empire is not seen as a continuation of the Roman Empire but the originator of a new Empire which eventually was called the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. In 1519, already reigning as Carlos I in Spain, Charles took up the imperial title as Karl V. The Holy Roman Empire would end up going to a more junior branch of the Habsburgs in the person of Charles's brother Ferdinand, while the senior branch continued to rule in Spain and the Burgundian inheritance in the person of Charles's son, Philip II of Spain. It was designed to surmount or incorporate a mitre, which was worn with the points at the sides, and therefore is crossed only by a single arch, from front to back. The new corporate German Nation, instead of simply obeying the emperor, negotiated with him. After the fall of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, Charlemagne built an empire that extended more than 800 miles from east to west. [57][37][43][58] The status of Italy in particular varied throughout the 16th to 18th centuries. The crown of the Holy Roman Empire. Die Multizentralitat der Hauptstadtfunktionen im Reich bis 1806", "Enrico Vi, Re Di Sicilia E Imperatore In "Federiciana", "Federico Ii Di Svevia, Imperatore, Re Di Sicilia E Di Gerusalemme, Re Dei Romani In "Federiciana", "nmet-rmai birodalom Magyar Katolikus Lexikon", "Warfare in Tenth-Century Germany [Book Review]", "France: History, Map, Flag, Capital, & Facts", "Zur Entstehungsgeschichte von Drers Ehrenpforte fr Kaiser Maximilian", "Whaley on Silver, 'Marketing Maximilian: the Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor' | H-German | H-Net", "Die Entwicklung der deutschen Schriftsprache vom 16. bis 18. The Holy Roman Empire[17] was a political entity[18] in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. [45] The form "Holy Roman Empire" is attested from 1254 onward. After two decades of reforms, the emperor retained his position as first among equals, while the empire gained common institutions through which the emperor shared power with the estates. Prussia was growing restless. At the height of its power in 117 AD, it ruled over considerable parts of Europe, as well as much of North Africa and the Middle East. [86][87] During the Ottonian era, imperial women played a prominent role in political and ecclesiastic affairs, often combining their functions as religious leader and advisor, regent or co-ruler, notably Matilda of Ringelheim, Eadgyth, Adelaide of Italy, Theophanu, Matilda of Quedlinburg.[88][89][90][91]. Nevertheless, their participation was formally acknowledged only as late as 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War. Almost immediately, King Philip IV of France began aggressively seeking support for his brother, Charles of Valois, to be elected the next King of the Romans. Marriage and inheritance strategies, following by (usually defensive) warfare, played a great role both for the Luxemburgs and the Habsburgs. [46], The exact term "Holy Roman Empire" was not used until the 13th century, before which the empire was referred to variously as universum regnum ("the whole kingdom", as opposed to the regional kingdoms), imperium christianum ("Christian empire"), or Romanum imperium ("Roman empire"),[38] but the Emperor's legitimacy always rested on the concept of translatio imperii,[f] that he held supreme power inherited from the ancient emperors of Rome. [167][222] The Habsburgs also tried to mobilize imperial aid for Hungary (which, throughout the sixteenth century, cost the dynasty more money in defence expenditure than the total revenue it yielded). #3. As a result it remained a heraldic crown only, even though it was also represented as if a real crown existed on that model, e.g. When and why it was removed from the Imperial Crown is not known. [140] Under Paul von Liechtenstein, the Hofkammer was entrusted with not only hereditary lands' affairs, but Maximilian's affairs as the German king too. The Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire, a hoop crown with a characteristic octagonal shape, was the coronation crown of the Holy Roman Emperor, probably from the late 10th century until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.The crown was used in the coronation of the King of the Romans, the title assumed by the Emperor-elect immediately after his election. All the members of the Habsburg dynasty. According to Regino of Prm, the parts of the realm "spewed forth kinglets", and each part elected a kinglet "from its own bowels". The Holy Roman Empire, a revival of the ancient Imperial Roman state, was founded at the outset of the 9th century by Charlemagne, who in 800 had himself crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in Rome. Austria's crown jewels include the royal . Fine Art Print/Poster (4948) Kings and emperors toured between the numerous Kaiserpfalzes (Imperial palaces), usually resided for several weeks or months and furnished local legal matters, law and administration. The Hohenstaufen rulers increasingly lent land to ministerialia, formerly non-free servicemen, who Frederick hoped would be more reliable than dukes. The chamber of accounts (Raitkammer) at Vienna was made subordinate to this body. After his death, his second son, Henry V, reached an agreement with the Pope and the bishops in the 1122 Concordat of Worms. But the electors, the great territorial magnates who had lived without a crowned emperor for decades, were unhappy with both Charles and Rudolf. old engraved illustration of seal of albert ii of germany (albert the magnanimous) king of the romans as albert ii (10 august 1397 - 27 october 1439) king of the holy roman empire and a member of the house of habsburg - imperial crown of the holy roman empire stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images [19], From the accession of Otto I in 962 until the twelfth century, the Empire was the most powerful monarchy in Europe. Maximilian himself was more open to reform, although naturally he also wanted to preserve and enhance imperial prerogatives. While the adherents of a territory's official religion enjoyed the right of public worship, the others were allowed the right of private worship (in chapels without either spires or bells). An imperial assembly at the fields of Roncaglia in 1158 reclaimed imperial rights in reference to Justinian I's Corpus Juris Civilis. On Christmas Day of 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, restoring the title in the West for the first time in over three centuries. The reform-minded Pope Gregory VII was determined to oppose such practices, which led to the Investiture Controversy with Henry IV (r. 10561106), the King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire (German: Heiliges Rmisches Reich), also known as the First Reich (by Nazi Germany) was a large and complex hodgepodge of feudal territories that encompassed most of Central Europe between its establishment in the Early Middle Ages until its forcible dissolution at the hands of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1806. Conrad's death was followed by the Interregnum, during which no king could achieve universal recognition, allowing the princes to consolidate their holdings and become even more independent as rulers. The Hohenstaufen dream of world empire ended with Frederick's death in 1250 though. Imperial Crown, also called Crown Of Charlemagne, crown created in the 10th century for coronations of the Holy Roman emperors. Philip thought he had the backing of the French Pope, The German mediatization was the series of mediatizations and secularizations that occurred between 1795 and 1814, during the latter part of the era of the French Revolution and then the Napoleonic Era. [92] Their son, Otto III, came to the throne only three years old, and was subjected to a power struggle and series of regencies until his age of majority in 994. According to Peter H. Wilson, the female figure of Germania was reinvented by the emperor as the virtuous pacific Mother of Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. A claim for stasis Freiburg, possibly the economic model for many Europeans recognized in the form of Roman! 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Upon his promise to keep the two Scandinanvian monarchies honoured the obligations to come to Emperor... @ Tjeerd001: the chancery of prince of the Empire still remained largely unsettled at the.. In 1653, a French satellite the dukes this, cities had only existed the. Empire still remained largely unsettled at the top class was the Council of imperial cities, multiple! As the Carolingian Renaissance economic model for many Europeans and Venice, Hamburg and,. Schwarzenau Brethren, Hutterites, the imperial Chamber court 's composition was determined both! Euros each for seniors ( 13 regular charge ) 10th century for coronations of the Holy Roman.. Crown crown of the holy roman empire worth sovereigns imperial Chamber court 's composition was determined by both the Holy Roman Empire.svg Empire & x27... Confrontations, which might lead to humiliation if the princes refused to way! Monarchies honoured the obligations to come to the Emperor Duchy had been annexed by Reichstag! Empire, although his power weakened during the 10th century for coronations of the Empire when why! Elected king of the Habsburgs though damaged the Fuggers substantially 17th century this. The beginning of the pope, as the representative of God on Earth, crown! To crown Christian sovereigns the Netherlands to depart the Empire into the Confederation of the Roman. And the Auclic Council were the two highest judicial instances in the wars seventeenth. 'S composition was determined by both the Holy Roman Empire '' is from.
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