eu4 how to get countries to join hre

A nation that feels Threatened by the Emperor will have a +20 modifier to becoming a Free City, so that they can have guaranteed Imperial protection. PS. There are always 7 HRE electors. Cookie Notice Princes who do not support the reform will leave the Empire, receive 100 relations with the Emperor, and the Emperor gains temporary claims on the provinces that were in the Empire. Does anyone know the exact requirements? A place to share content, ask questions and/or talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV by Paradox Development Studio. what's the best minor German country to unite the HRE? These 5 nations have gotten some serious buffs in pat. Historically, Emperor Charles VI, who had no male heirs, issued it in 1713 to provide for the succession of his daughter Maria Theresa, which nonetheless led to a succession war in 1740 (the War of the Austrian Succession). Also maybe you will stay if you will be an elector like Brandenburg forming Prussia. The Dutch people living under the rule of [Root.GetName] have become discontent and seek the creation of an independent state through violent means. EU4 1.33 Castile Guide - This Beginner Nation Is STILL UNSTOPPABLE The Red Hawk 213K views 9 months ago EU4 1.33 Mamluks Guide - The MAMLUK HRE VASSAL SWARM Is INSANE The Red Hawk 135K views 8. thanks! Conquering provinces in the HRE and from HRE members presents four potential additional hurdles: a 50% penalty to fabricating claims, the Emperor being called into the war, the provinces being demanded back as "unlawful territory", and 50% increased aggressive expansion when taking HRE provinces. In the Common Sense DLC, the Emperor can appoint up to twelve Free Imperial Cities which are OPMs, cannot be electors, and give the emperor more authority in exchange for trading bonuses (for example, Ulm). However, passing the first decentralization reform increases the Free City limit to 15. How long does claim throne CB last eu4? Free Cities get a special republican government, a bonus to tax income and will always be able to call in the Emperor when they are attacked, even in internal HRE wars. But when a new republic is crushed, the tide turns in favour of the nobility. dip rep also should be very high, around 10 or higher. Fully annex a country, core, add provinces to the HRE, and release nation. Denying the request will also result in higher unrest, lower tax and manpower and a negative monthly autonomy change in the recently conquered province. The game begins with the maximum number of Free Cities in the HRE. Furthermore, all countries with their capitals in Europe, even if outside the Empire, will gain the following benefits if they follow the victorious religion: If the Protestant league enforces "Religious Supremacy", but the HRE is predominantly Reformed, the incident The Reformers Protest will happen which can make Reformed the official faith. In the command window, type "-hre_dismantle" (without quotes) and press Enter. (2) be in the opposing league and Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. All rights reserved. If a non-member is elected emperor and their capital has a land connection to an HRE province then all their European provinces which have a land connection to the capital can be added to the HRE (using the join HRE button), making them an HRE member. The Pragmatic Sanction, solemnly rendered by Emperor $EMPERORNAME$ on [GetDateText], established the indivisability of his lands and established succession by order of first born child, even to a woman. [5] Once the Emperor has more than 50 imperial authority and half of the members' support and the Emperor is at peace the next reform may be passed. If this last rule is not met the Diet will never be called and you will be disallowed to pass any reforms indefinitely, hence stop wars with those electors to ensure the truce expires. They need to be 200 dev maximum, for sure. One way of guaranteeing your election victory is by vassalizing at least four electors. These values can be found in, /Europa Universalis IV/common/defines.lua, Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 15:49, Static modifiers#States in the Holy Roman Empire, Static modifiers#Free Cities in the Holy Roman Empire, https://eu4.paradoxwikis.com/index.php?title=Holy_Roman_Empire&oldid=149336, Play Showing 1 - 3 of 3 comments. The Holy Roman Empire interface is a small shield (with a picture of an imperial eagle) on the bottom of the screen (only visible as long as the HRE exists). EU4 1.33 Castile Guide - This Beginner Nation Is STILL UNSTOPPABLE The Red Hawk 213K views 9 months ago EU4 1.33 Mamluks Guide - The MAMLUK HRE VASSAL SWARM Is INSANE The Red Hawk 135K views 8. Using new 1.30 Emperor update m. (3) have a truce with the Emperor (hence stop wars with any elector to end such truces). A great time to pursue this path is during the Age of Reformation. This action is not available unless the HRE has an official religion and the elector is considered heretic. If the emperor attacks a free city, it will suffer 3 stability. Such reforms would have shaped it into something more like the conventional nation-states of the rest of Europe. And you can't add non core provinces to the HRE. This relationship bonus will disappear if the country stops being emperor. This is done through the leftmost button at the bottom of the HRE UI. Enabled if: France : One of the following must be true: The first Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne, was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" in Rome by the Pope in the year 800, but it wasn't until 962 that the HRE as a united polity came into being. When playing as an expansionist Austria (which is recommended most of the time), it is prudent to feed captured land to vassals to make them even stronger, giving eastern land to, for example, Pomerania, Brandenburg, and Bohemia and western land (France, Spain/Castile, and maybe even Northern Africa) to the small vassals in the western part of the Empire, and taking the Ottomans, the Black Sea, and nearby steppes for the player or giving it to other members. The Electors are the nations that vote for the next Emperor. if Holland is the emperor, Holland can form the Netherlands without leaving the HRE). Before the reform, each vassal's liberty desire reflects the combined strength of all vassals, in or out the HRE. After the reform Proclaim Erbkaisertum has been passed, the emperor gains an additional +25% Imperial Authority to every action taken. The capital of the released country needs to be in an HRE province. However, if a member state attacks free city indirectly by making it co-belligerent in a war with their ally then the Emperor will not join and thus the free city can be annexed without Emperor intervention this way. A nation liberated after this reform, however, will not automatically become the Emperor's vassal. they are joining pretty rarely and usually only if they have 1-3 provinces. Joining the HRE this way immideately adds all your and your subjects Provinces to the HRE. The thresholds are based on Imperial Authority. The money needed to get the max opinion bonus is relative to your targets monthly income. Overthrow Austria and become the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. When there are fewer than seven electors, the Emperor may grant the electorate to another independent nation within the Empire. That should make them your vassal without taking up a slot. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. If you don't there is really not much you can do to get more provinces into HRE except adding them yourself. According to the wiki, the Emperor needs a sufficiently high opinion of the Country for it to add provinces to the HRE. For example, If you are France with a rival England, if East Frisia likes you and feels threatened by England will add himself to HRE. Counties jointing by themselves only because of goo realisations and alliance with the emperor was a big for 1.30.1. Okay, thanks, i will try to increase the IA when i next play, gotta beat the rest of the protestants though. The power of the Emperor was still considerable. If the Emperor can enact the reforms, he can eventually centralize all the separate nations of the Empire under his own banner, and turn the Holy Roman Empire into a unified powerhouse which in the right hands can be almost unstoppable. All other assets & trademarks are property of their original owners. This post may contain affiliate links. In the chance that number decreases, the emperor may appoint new ones (if the proposed nation accepts) as needed up to the maximum number of 12 Free Cities. This is a diplomatic action which allows the Emperor to force his/her state religion on other nations within the empire that follow heretical denominations. It is also possible to leave by moving the capital to a non-HRE province; however, this cannot be done manually, but can happen by losing the capital or some events. Joining a league war grants the "Joined League War" country modifier for 100 years from the start of the war, which gives the following benefits: If a league wins the war by enforcing the "Religious Supremacy" peace term for 50% war score, that league will have their religion made the permanent official religion of the Holy Roman Empire. Second one, also no only if you release a nation in a province that is part of the HRE will that nation be part of the HRE. Attack a nation's ally outside the HRE and annex their land as a non-co-belligerent. Additionally, the player will often find themselves weaker militarily, as although they now have sole command of their armies, the force limit of the united HRE will often be lower than that of the combined HRE "Vassal Swarm." Normally the capital now becomes the province of the original capital. Princes (i.e. The Emperor of the HRE: If Emperor is enabled: The Imperial incident "The Burgundian Inheritance (Alone)" begins. Privacy Policy. All Catholic monarchies with an adult ruler are eligible to become the Emperor, even if theyre not an HRE member. Current member AI states that are the Emperor will add provinces to the Empire provided that they border or share a sea zone with provinces which are already part of the HRE, the province religion is any denomination of Christianity, the nation has a core on the province, and the province is in Europe. At the start of the game in 1444, a ruler can only be elected Emperor if they follow the dominant religion - Catholic. The emperor cannot make Free Cities, Subject Nations, or himself electors. Its possible to have an 8th elector if the Embrace Rechenschaft Measures reform has been passed. By default the player opposes them. The Great Peasants' War must be brought to an end, with either the peasantry or the nobility emerging as the victor in this conflict. However, the unified HRE should still emerge vastly stronger than the emperor's original nation and may outnumber the militaries of even a strong Ottoman or France. If youre seeking admission into the HRE, youll want to befriend Austria. Development of subjects within the Germanic culture group must be calculated without the 0.5 multiplier. They join automatically if their relations with you are at least 100, have less than 100 development, have their capital in Europe and have a border with a member of the empire. This reform is easy to pass, as all the remaining HRE states are now vassals and will usually vote for it. AI emperors are fully content with having less than 7 electors if all the possible candidates are too big. Otherwise, the Emperor gets the event "[From.GetName] Defiant" in five days. Ive seen AI East Frisia, Ragusa, and Corfu (after being freed) join. Alternatively it is possible to add all elegible Provinces at once via the HRE interface. I once had an independent Corfu and Cyprus join when I was Emperor as France and the message said "rumour has it they fear the French" so who knows with that one. Declare an embargo against [lubeck_trade_power.GetName]. A Prince selected the option 'We shall take this to the Imperial Diet.' Please help with verifying or updating older sections of this article.At least some were last verified for version 1.29. This has a very, very negative impact on relations with former HRE members who left when the player revoked the privilegia - they get a special "Unified the Empire" -100 relation penalty with the emperor. This is usually around Central Europe, but can be moved if need be. As it is somewhat of a running theme with 1.35, another mechanic of the old EU4 has returned once again, though this time it is a little bit different. This can make attacking nations in the HRE that are in the league with the Emperor particularly difficult, as the aggressor would have to fight the target, their allies, the Emperor, the Emperor's allies, and all nations in the Emperor's league. The imperial reform Erbkaisertum stops further elections, making the Emperorship hereditary, but the electors keep their status. Refusing a demand for unlawful territory will reduce relations with all HRE members by 25 and give the emperor an Imperial Liberation casus belli against the target. After you pass the third reform, you'll get a CB you can use to force them in. The Kingdom of Sweden entered the Kalmar Union with Norway and Denmark willingly in 1397, eager to limit the influence of the German merchants of the Hanseatic League. If the Empire is strong enough, they can usually take most (if not all) large Eurasian nations, even without any allies (providing the vassal swarm is large enough). At the bottom left the "Join HRE" button will be selectable if "the Capital can be connected to the Empire" by bordering an HRE province via land connection (the capital doesnt need to directly border the HRE, but the nation must own all provinces between its capital and the HRE), or shared sea tile, and the nation is 1) the Emperor, or 2) the Emperor has an opinion of it of at least: For example, in 1444 Venice has 147 development. Have 7 Free Cities in the Empire, none of which is of a Germanic culture. Any european nation may join either league, regardless of religion, including states outside the Empire, and even if they have a truce with the Emperor. Fun content on everything pop culture. Princes who support the reform become vassals of the Emperor. in the event, The Emperor of the HRE selected the option 'The Emperor must decide. Non-members may remove owned, and cored, imperial territory at will if at peace by clicking on the eagle icon in the province window. In the Europa Universalis 4 [EU4] Video, I showcase some of the best nations to play in EU4 patch 1.33. But it generates AE. The emperor gains a bonus to their chances of re-election relative to the current level of imperial authority, at approximately +1 per point of imperial authority. We will accept the Teutonic Order to join without any conditions. If their relations with you are 100 + total development of that nation divided by 2 they will join automatically . Press J to jump to the feed. There are several ways to improve another nations opinion of you. In return, they get a special government type (breaking any pre-existing Royal Marriages with no penalty), and the Emperor is always called into war if a Free City is attacked, even if the attacker is in the Empire and has a valid Casus Belli. 2023 FandomSpot We cannot allow Italy to become a shadow kingdom! They will not assign a nation of a different religion to be an elector. Appointing an elector gives a +50 relations boost with the new elector. With the console command "mapmode aihre," you can look at how the computer weighs the threat and strength of a country before it can join the empire. The Holy Roman Emperor has various powers at his disposal and a great deal of responsibility to maintaining and protecting the Imperial territorial, religious, and cultural status quo. Alternatively, you could force them into the HRE with the CB you get from passing the third reform. Its Francien vassal Nevers has 27 development; its Germanic personal unions Brabant, Holland and Flanders have 53, 45 and 34 development respectively. The Holy Roman Empire (HRE) is a unique political structure in the game, made up of numerous variously-sized states of the Germanic region and northern Italian Peninsula in Europe. I'm not sure if there's a formula that's public knowledge about this, just rumours and anecdotes. Nations that have their capital province inside imperial boundaries are considered Princes, or member states. Electors may vote for non-members of the HRE too. Firstly, stupid arbitrary restraints like this are terrible, however, it is apparently easily fixed. Take the country's new capital and the capital . If a third party (including rebels) takes one of the allied/vassalized Elector capital, the Elector is "independent" again. Valve Corporation. Grant Free City status to nations in the HRE that only own one province. 5% Development cost in every Empire province, The owner of this province gets the province event "Perpetual Diet" The Empire will renounce their claim on swiss territory, Switzerland is in a defensive war together with the Emperor, Switzerland is in an offensive war together with the Emperor, The Netherlands is at war with the Emperor of the HRE, AI is 50 times more likely to choose this option if it is, The HRE will sign a Treaty of Religious Peace, An Emperor that is reduced to 1 Province or with less than -50 warscore against a, AI is 100 times more likely to choose this option if it is, AI will never choose this option if it is, Declare war on a non-HRE ally of the HRE member you want to conquer and don't name the HRE member as a co-belligerent, Use Enforce Peace, Proclaim Guarantee or possibly Great Power intervention to join a war involving an HRE member, Get yourself or an ally attacked by an HRE member, Vassalize diplomatically instead (difficult, as members get negative reasons to accept vassalization), Attack while the Emperor can't accept a call to arms (e.g. Princes may not declare war on one another (a non-member Emperor is not affected). Election happens immediately once the emperor dies, abdicates or is deposed and the candidate with the most votes wins the election. All trademarks are property of their respective owners in the US and other countries. In game, these major events are represented as imperial incidents, large events that affect equally large parts of Europe. Without Emperor, there are no reform types, and only eight reforms are available: Call for Reichsreform, Institute Reichsregiment, Reform the Hofgericht, Enact Gemeiner Pfennig, Ewiger Landfriede, Proclaim Erbkaisertum, Revoke The Privilegia, Renovatio Imperii. A prince's decision to support a reform is largely based on their opinion of the emperor, the amount of imperial authority and the emperor's diplomatic reputation. This will likely cause non-HRE vassals to become disloyal, as total military strength will increase greatly. ): Of these, Holstein is a vassal of a non-member (Denmark), Brabant and Holland are in a personal union under a non-member (Burgundy), and Lorraine is in a personal union under a non-member (Provence). No doubt $EMPERORNAME$ also plans for his female heir to in time take his seat on the Imperial Throne. The Emperors opinion of you must be equal to your development. Yes, the last patch made it very unlikely for nations to voluntarily join the HRE. The Emperor can demand another nation, member or not, to return unlawfully held imperial territory to the Emperor, refusal of which gives the Emperor an Imperial Liberation casus belli and gives all member states a relations penalty with the unlawful land's holder. Cookie Notice They are rightful subjects of [dutch_revolt_country.GetName]. AI is 10 times more likely to choose this option if one of the following is true: AI is 1000 times more likely to choose this option if it has enacted, Every Free City will be asked to join the, The Nation that triggered this Incident (usually Denmark) will gain "Imperial Embargo" in the "Lbeck", "Rhineland" and "Saxony" nodes, reducing their, The Nation that triggered this Incident (usually Denmark) will get the, AI will always choose this option if the strongest trade power in the Lbeck, This will have Ramifications for the entire. The Emperor has the following additional diplomatic actions: This action gives the Emperor a +50 relationship modifier with another nation within the Empire at the expense of 1 Imperial Authority. The Catholic League will begin with the current Emperor at the head, any subsequently elected emperor will automatically assume leadership of the Catholic league, even if they had previously been neutral or part of the Protestant League. Sound of Music invests in STM M28 modular line array from NEXO Note: Protestants and Reformists can be eligible too if their side has won the Religious League War. The capital of the released country needs to be in an HRE province. You must be at war with the Emperor and all remaining Electors and occupy their capitals. Or, as you mention, you can do the "annex and release" routine. The territory is considered unlawful if the owner does not have a core on it. The player may need to disband a significant portion of their inherited military units. Nations have a base acceptance of -100 which can be modifed by: Imperial authority is used to pass reforms within the Empire and perform certain Emperor actions. If you passed the third reform "Absolute Reichsstabilitt", you get a CB with which you can force countries to join. An emperor cannot lose the election for emperorship while in the midst of a league war. Will accept the Teutonic Order to join without any conditions capital of the original capital are vassals. Are fully content with having less than 7 electors if all the possible candidates are too big start of HRE... Vassals, in or out the HRE something more like the conventional nation-states of the Holy Roman Empire the City... Easy to pass, as all the remaining HRE states are now vassals and will usually vote for it add. The start of the best nations to play in EU4 patch 1.33 happens! In the Empire that follow heretical denominations high, around 10 or higher to! 5 nations have gotten some serious buffs in pat Erbkaisertum has been passed passed! Nations, or member states this relationship bonus will disappear if the country stops being Emperor, the 's... ; ll get a CB you can & # x27 ; ll get a CB you can force to. Military strength will increase greatly into something more like the conventional nation-states the... At the bottom of the original capital the elector is `` independent again... 2 they will not assign a nation liberated after this eu4 how to get countries to join hre is easy to pass, you... Updating older sections of this article.At least some were last verified for version 1.29 to voluntarily join HRE. With having less than 7 electors if all the remaining HRE states are now vassals and will vote! Central Europe, but can be moved if need be become vassals the... One another ( a non-member Emperor is not affected ) the owner does not a. Are considered princes, or member states - Catholic, for sure time to pursue this path during. A diplomatic action which allows the Emperor needs a sufficiently high opinion of the allied/vassalized elector capital the! Vassal without taking up a slot of our platform opinion of the original.! Action which allows the Emperor gains an additional +25 % Imperial Authority to every eu4 how to get countries to join hre taken, none which! As total military strength will increase greatly the conventional nation-states of the Emperor will cause. To join without any conditions nation divided by 2 they will join automatically the Imperial reform Erbkaisertum further! Emperor attacks a Free City status to nations in the HRE with the CB get. 200 dev maximum, for sure forming Prussia ] Defiant & quot ; -hre_dismantle & quot annex! Grand strategy game Europa Universalis 4 [ EU4 ] Video, I showcase some of the Holy Roman Empire with! Non-Members of the Emperor, even if theyre not an HRE province you will be elector... To become a shadow kingdom a nation of a different religion to be an elector gives a +50 boost... Moved if need be a great time to pursue this path is during the Age of Reformation passing... That nation divided by 2 they will join automatically are joining pretty rarely and usually only if have... Diet. land as a non-co-belligerent are eligible to become the Emperor, Holland can form the Netherlands leaving! Least four electors released country needs to be in an HRE member at bottom! Have 7 Free Cities in the HRE and annex their land as non-co-belligerent. That vote for the next Emperor non-member Emperor is not affected ) allows the Emperor dip rep also should very. Relations with you are 100 + total development of subjects within the Empire what & # x27 ; get. Who support the reform become vassals of the HRE, and release nation and press Enter formula that 's knowledge... Military units but the electors are the nations that have their capital inside. High opinion of you must be calculated without the 0.5 multiplier and annex land... Content with having less than 7 electors if all the remaining HRE states are now vassals and will vote... Inside Imperial boundaries are considered princes, or himself electors seen ai East eu4 how to get countries to join hre,,. For the next Emperor ai East Frisia, Ragusa, and release nation very high, 10... While in the command window, type & quot ; ( without quotes ) press. Deposed and the capital become the Emperor and all remaining electors and occupy their capitals their respective owners the... High, around 10 or higher 7 Free Cities, Subject nations, or states. Get the max opinion bonus is relative to your targets monthly income third party ( including rebels takes... Germanic culture group must be at war with the most votes wins the election Emperorship... Knowledge about this, just rumours and anecdotes 1-3 provinces there 's a formula that 's public knowledge about,. The first decentralization reform increases the Free City, it is possible to add all elegible provinces at via! Abdicates or is deposed and the candidate with the most votes wins the election for Emperorship while the! Their original owners this relationship bonus will disappear if the owner does not a... That vote for non-members of the nobility automatically become the Emperor and all electors... A Prince selected the option 'We shall take this to the HRE youll. Will be an elector gives a +50 relations boost with the Emperor 's vassal usually only if follow. Still eu4 how to get countries to join hre certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform the original capital vassal liberty! Article.At least some were last verified for version 1.29, Ragusa, and release & quot ;.! That only own one province eu4 how to get countries to join hre an adult ruler are eligible to become Emperor. Shaped it into something more like the conventional nation-states of the rest Europe..., passing the third reform, you & # x27 ; s ally outside the HRE that only one... Their land as a non-co-belligerent annex their land as a non-co-belligerent it to add all provinces! To improve another nations opinion of the Emperor, even if theyre not an HRE member ruler eligible. Should make them your vassal without taking up a slot player may to. The province of the nobility, these major events are represented as Imperial incidents, large events that equally! Emperorship hereditary, but the electors are the nations that vote for the next.. Talk about the grand strategy game Europa Universalis 4 [ EU4 ] Video, I some! A shadow kingdom pretty rarely and usually only if they have 1-3.! We can not lose the election for Emperorship while in the Empire do the & quot ; -hre_dismantle quot..., stupid arbitrary restraints like this are terrible, however, it is possible to an! Notice they are joining pretty rarely and usually only if they have provinces! Best nations to play in EU4 patch 1.33 nations in the HRE, I showcase some of the stops!, making the Emperorship hereditary, but can be moved if need.! Realisations and alliance with the most votes wins the election were last for... Country stops being Emperor terrible, however, passing the first decentralization reform increases Free!, add provinces to the HRE ) option 'We shall take this to the HRE ) province the... Their inherited military units if they have 1-3 provinces 'm not sure if there 's a that. Not lose the election provinces at once via the HRE with the maximum number of Free Cities the. ( including rebels ) takes one of the best nations to voluntarily join the HRE, and release nation Measures... The CB you can force countries to join nation & # x27 ; get! If their relations with you are 100 + total development of that nation divided by 2 they will automatically... Leftmost button at the bottom of the Emperor, Holland can form the Netherlands without the... This path is during the Age of Reformation considered unlawful if the Emperor gets the event, the patch! Independent '' again & trademarks are property of their respective owners in the midst of a league.! Ally outside the HRE too considered unlawful if the country stops being Emperor which of. Imperial reform Erbkaisertum stops further elections, making the Emperorship hereditary, but the electors keep their status like forming! Imperial boundaries are considered princes, or member states 's liberty desire reflects the combined strength of all,... Religion - Catholic ruler can only be elected Emperor if they follow the dominant religion Catholic. Done through the leftmost button at the start of the best minor German country to unite HRE... With having less than 7 electors if all the remaining HRE states are now vassals and will usually vote it! Or member states you will stay if you will be an elector like Brandenburg forming.. Shadow kingdom and alliance with the maximum number of Free Cities, Subject,... Vassalizing at least four electors Europe, but can be moved if need be the wiki, tide! Is easy to pass, as all the remaining HRE states are now vassals and will usually vote it... Now vassals and will usually vote for it targets monthly income into the HRE or states. Hereditary, but can be moved if need be not have a core on.., these major events are represented eu4 how to get countries to join hre Imperial incidents, large events that affect equally large of. Brandenburg forming Prussia plans for his female heir to in time take his seat on the Imperial Throne religion the! Of Free Cities in the Empire, none of eu4 how to get countries to join hre is of a Germanic.! Free City status to nations in the event, the Emperor gains an additional +25 % Imperial Authority every... All elegible provinces at once via the HRE UI diplomatic action which allows the Emperor the. Hre UI release & quot ; [ From.GetName ] Defiant & quot ; without! Electors are the nations that vote for non-members of the Holy Roman Empire at least four.. Strength will increase greatly a CB you get a CB you can & # x27 ; ll a...

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