Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. Thus mangroves are natural land reclaimers. Restoration principle is based on bringing back a degraded site to its original form. Here in Nigeria, the trend of reclamation of land is very common in Lagos, the nations commercial capital, a coastal city that is located in the South West of Nigeria. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. This is encapsulated in the Land Use Act promulgated in 1978, which states that all lands in Nigeria belong to the Federal Government, this include but not limited to under-water land that is 200 nautical miles from the shore. It also deepens the sea bed, which affects the water level. The city was the capital of Nigeria between 1960 and 1975. Loss of trees leads to increased soil erosion and increased sedimentation of river. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). The damage to coastal areas is far more extensive, physically," he told the BusinessMirror in a telephone interview on June 6. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state g. overnment began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. The indirect causes include: (i) sand mining, (ii) exploratory activities, (iii) stream expansion/canalization, (iv) disturbance limitation and (v) agriculture (4050% of land surface is converted to agriculture and urban systems). Along the coast, the average precipitation is about 2,000mm to 3,000mm. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. By, this, the land reclaimed is therefore known as reclamation ground or land fill. Similarly, the intertidal or littoral ecosystems, which are areas where the ocean meets the land face destruction during landscape reclamation. Giving grim report of the matter, he said: All I do these days is to hang around the neighbourhood and hope that the tide increases so I can go out to fish. Coastal area is in serious danger from land reclamation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Land reclamation involves developing and implementing a reclamation plan that considers and . However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. It is a strategy for protecting or restoring the function, structure and species composition of an ecosystem while providing for its sustainable socioeconomic use. Coastal areas are often favorite sites for establishing industries that need river water to cool turbines. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? The swampy environment is a mixture of mud and water, after a long period of perturbation the swampy soil gets solidified and changes to a terrestrial environment. Mangroves provide various ecosystem services such as food, medicine, tools and construction materials. Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. A research article published by Ibidun Adelekan titled Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos, Nigeria says: Metropolitan Lagos, situated on the narrow lowland coastal stretch bordering the Atlantic Ocean and originally covered with mangrove swamps, has experienced significant land cover changes as a result of past and present land reclamation activities to secure land for urban development., The article says further: In 1960, Lagos covered an area of about 200 square kilometres, but by the beginning of the twenty-first century, its contiguously built-up area was estimated at about 1,140 square kilometers, and sections of the metropolis along the coastline have high population Densities.. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. If done in an organised manner, I believe nobody will complain. Some towns, such as King's Lynn, which were once on the coast are now a few kilometres inland. Israeli police clashed Wednesday with protesters rallying against the government's judicial reform programme which critics say threatens democracy, as lawmakers held a preliminary vote on the latest controversial bill. When mangroves are removed via landscape reclamation, coastal areas lose the ability to slow down run off, filter pollutants, and retain soil. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). Several communities, they said, have been swept away amid predictions that if restraints on land reclamation are not taken into account, Lagos may be submerged by 2050. Developmental activities are carried out in them through collaboration between Lagos state government and private developers. This is the reclamation of a river for the purpose of constructing roads, residential quarters and industries [4]. The African Development Bank, Africa Union and Africa50 launched the Alliance during COP27 last November with global partners: the African Union Development Agency, the. Transition from mangrove to terrestrial location occurs by natural process. It should be noted that land reclamation activity is not a contemporary practice in Lagos, it is an age-long practice that is dated to the 60s in Nigerias economic capital. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). Presence of sediments leads to the gradual formation of terrestrial areas, which becomes the habitat for plants. In his opinion: When we talk about sand filling and its negative effects, we are talking about the war between ecology and economy, which translates to nature versus man. To establish road network via the river, foundations for heavy pillars are usually sunk into the bottom of the river, which destabilizes the benthic community of the river. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. Cities such as Guangzhou (China), Jakarta (Indonesia), Mombasa (Kenya), Osaka (Japan), Singapore, Conakry (Guinea), and Adelaide (Australia), whose pre-reclamation elevation is less than <2 m + MSL, are especially vulnerable to increased magnitude and frequency of storm surges and coastal flooding. Umar Afegbua of the Centre for Geodesy and Geodynamics, Toro, Bauchi State, in his own view said that that the reclamation exercise is not done in the right way in the sense that it destroys the other aspect of the environment; thereby, creating disequilibrium in the environment. Before coastal lands are to be acquired proper environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies need to be conducted to develop proper management plan aimed at forestalling loss and extinction of common and rare species. Simplicity and transparency. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. In the Niger Delta area many people prefer building their houses close to the river because of the serene environment, for example the land and sea breeze that flow into the area. Sand mines are often abandoned after some years of operation. The Atlantic City was built by dredging up and filling in 10 kilometers (about 6.2 miles) worth of land. Habitats and ecosystems occurring between the oceans surface (pelagic) as well as the ocean floor (benthic) are the first victims during dredging and sand filling operations. This situation affects the fish survival and population. What we are doing in Lagos in terms of sand filling is not new but we need to get things right. We provide you with the latest breaking news. Some people believe that there is nothing that man cannot do. Shrimp farming in particular has resulted to the conversion of large areas of mangroves. Apart from the Island areas; other places in the mainland such as Oworonshoki (Third Mainland Bridge axis) and areas of Ikorodu have been undergoing extensive land reclamation for developmental purpose. These phases include: (i) deforestation of mangrove forest (ii) consolidation of swamp with bulldozers, (iii) pumping of white sand from the sea bottom unto shore, (iv) sand filling of reclaimed land, and (v) construction activity e.g. Backing the argument of Nwilo, a former Professor of Geography at the University of Ibadan, Adetoye Faniran, viewed the matter in a way that seems supernatural. In 2013, rainfed agriculture accounted for 380,000 sq km in Nigeria, covering over 40 percent of its national territory . Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. Imperial City is also a new reclaimed land that covers about 200 hectares of land at the back of Lekki Phase one. This process is called artificial seedling recruitment on reclaimed land [16]. Restoration: it is the attempt to fully restore the original ecosystem. Bombay's Back Bay reclamation was first mooted in the 1860s, then revisited in the 1920s. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Kansai International Airport (in Osaka) and Hong Kong International Airport are examples where this process was deemed necessary. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). The cost of land appreciates and has no depreciative value. Examples of other areas that have undergone reclamation are: Diamond Island, Orange Island, Imperial City, Gracefield Phoenix and Ilubirin project. Growth may also be facilitated by the absorption of soil nutrients embedded in the first layer of soil brought in by tides. 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