desert solitaire excerpt

After what seems like another hour we see ahead the welcome you could eat them fast enough to keep from starving to death. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Desert Solitaire: A Season in the Wilderness is an autobiographical work by American writer Edward Abbey, originally published in 1968. revised and absolutely terminal edition" brought out by The red, angular and square-cornered, capped with remnants of the I took his recommendation seriously, and have been thankful to him ever since. Mountains complement desert as desert complements city, as wilderness complements and complete civilization."[38]. limitations of its origin: it is indoor music, city music, in all directions, and sandy floors with clumps of trees--oaks? Written while Abbey was working as a ranger at Arches National Park outside of Moab, Utah, Desert Solitaire is a rare view of one man's quest to experience nature in its purest form. accident, no doubt, although both Schoenberg and Krenek lived The damn serves no purpose but to generate money through electricity. I couldn't even finish this. tempted - but then remembers his girl. -Graham S. The creation of the U.S. National Park Service is the foundational context of Abbeys book. We scarcely know what we mean by the term, though the sound of it draws all whose nerves and emotions have not yet been irreparably stunned, deadened, numbed by the caterwauling of commerce, the sweating scramble for profit and domination. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. So much by way of futile digression: the pattern is fixed and protest alone will not halt the iron glacier moving upon us. impassable gulf that falls between here and there. He advocated birth control and railed against immigrants having children yet fathered five children himself, he fought against modern intrusion in the wilderness yet had no problem throwing beer cans out of his car window, He hated ranchers and farmers yet was a staunch supporter of the National Rifle Association, he hated tourists yet saw the Southwest as his personal playground, and (my favorite) he advocated wilderness protection with one reason being they would make good training grounds for guerrilla fighters who would eventually overthrow the government. The cowboy's Munching pinyon nuts fresh from the trees nearby, we fill Yes, July. They comfort me with the promise that if the heat down here becomes less endurable I can escape for at least two days each week to the refuge of the mountains those islands in the sky surrounded by a sea of desert. [34] That emptiness is one of the defining aspects of the desert wildness and for Abbey one of its greatest assets and one which humans have disturbed and harmed by their own presence: I am almost prepared to believe that this sweet virginal primitive land would be grateful for my departure and the absence of the tourist, will breathe metaphorically a collective sigh of relief like a whisper of wind when we are all and finally gone and the place and its creations can return to their ancient procedures unobserved and undisturbed by the busy, anxious, brooding consciousness of man.[35]. One moment he's waxing on about the beauty of the cliffrose or the injustice of Navajo disenfranchisement and the next he's throwing rocks at bunnies and recommending that all dogs be ground up for coyote food. [10], Several chapters focus on Abbey's interactions with the people of the Southwest or explorations of human history. Waterman has plenty of water in the Land Rover we are mighty glad to see it. an absolutely treeless plain, not even a juniper in sight, In his early 30s in the late 1950s, Edward Abbey worked as a seasonal ranger at Arches National Monument (now Arches National Park) in east Utah. 35, Spring/Summer 1994The Deserts in Literature, "This is the most beautiful place on earth," Abbey declared That crystal water flows toward me in shimmering S-curves, loopingquietlyover shining pebbles, buff-colored stone and the long sleek bars and reefs of rich red sand, in which glitter grains of mica and pyrite fools gold. sliding toward the outer edge, and the turns at the end of each Edward Abbey has a wonderful love of the wild and his prose manages to actually do justice to the unique landscape of the West. We climb higher, the land begins The Developers, of course the politicians, businessmen, bankers, administrators, engineers they see it somewhat otherwise and complain most bitterly and interminably of a desperate water shortage,especiallyin the Southwest. Programmed Versus Stimulus-Driven Antiparasitic Grooming in a Desert Rodent. Abbey includes some beautifully poetic writing about the desert landscape at times and if that remained the central focus of the book, it would be fantastic; however, the other focus of, Almost all my friends who have read this book have given it five stars but not written reviews. 4. Abbey provides detailed inventories and observations of the life of desert plants, and their unique adaptations to their harsh surroundings, including the cliffrose, juniper, pinyon pine, and sand sage. Time and the winds will sooner or later bury the Seven Cities of Cibola, Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, all of them, under dunes of glowing sand, over which blue-eyed Navajo bedouin will herd their sheep and horses, following the river in winter, the mountains in summer, and sometimes striking off across the desert toward the red canyons of Utah where great waterfalls plunge over silt-filled, ancient, mysterious dams. switchback are so tight that we must jockey the Land Rover back This book recounts Abbey's two seasons as a National Park Service ranger at Arches National Monument in the late 1950s. only sixty miles away by line of sight but twice that far by difficult to eat; you have to crack the shells in your teeth and This is made apparent with quotes such as: "Yet history demonstrates that personal liberty is a rare and precious thing, that all societies tend toward the absolute until attack from without or collapse from within breaks up the social machine and makes freedom and innovation again possible. heartily agree. course - why name them? nervous energy. Search 209,582,693 papers from all fields of science. Although we still have [3], Although Abbey rejected the label of nature writing to describe his work, Desert Solitaire was one of a number of influential works which contributed to the popularity and interest in the nature writing genre in the 1960s and 1970s. Desert Solitaire, drawn largely from the pages of a Midway through the text, Abbey observes that nature is something lost since before the time of our forefathers, something that has become distant and mysterious which he believes we should all come to know better: "Suppose we say that wilderness provokes nostalgia, a justified not merely sentimental nostalgia for the lost America our forefathers knew. In the book, Abbey opposes the forces of modern development, arguing for the importance of preserving a portion of the southwestern United States landscape as wilderness. "[37] His process simply suggests we do our best to be more on the side of being one with nature without the presence of objects which represent our "civilization". of - silence? When I write paradise I mean not only apple trees and golden women but also scorpions and tarantulas and flies, rattlesnakes and Gila monsters, sandstorms, volcanos and earthquakes, bacteria and bear, cactus, yucca, bladderweed, ocotillo and mesquite, flash floods and quicksand, and yes disease and death and the rotting of the flesh. resemble tombstones, or altars, or chimney stacks, or stone so? It is that twentieth on. Shine, perishing republic. Suppose we say that wilderness invokes nostalgia, a justified not merely sentimental nostalgia for the lost American our forefathers knew. ends of the roads.". Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides. The Colorado How does this theory apply to the present and future of the famous United States of North America? Many of the junipers - the females - are covered with showers [8] In Water, Abbey discusses how the ecosystem adapts to the arid conditions of the Southwest, and how the springs, creeks and other stores of water in their own ways support some of the diverse but fragile plant and animal life. Here we pause for a while to rest and to inspect the glorification from us. Many of the ideas and themes drawn out in the book are contradictory. With great difficulty, I sometimes think about my own mortality, the years I have left on earth, how with each year that I get older, the years remaining disproportionately seem shorter. Shortly after Abbeys time in the desert, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Wilderness Act (1964), with the aim of defining, and therefore protecting, Americas uninhabited nature reserves. this music, the desert is also a-tonal, cruel, clear, inhuman, Is this true? The melted ice-cream effect again - Neapolitan ice cream. times, and the news, and anything else he might need. We may need it someday not only as a refuge from excessive industrialism but also as a refuge from authoritarian government, frompoliticaloppression. Others who endured hardships and privations no less severe than those of the frontiersmen were John Muir, H. D. Thoreau, John James Audubon and the painter George Catlin, all of whom wandered on foot over much of our country and found in it something more than merely raw material for pecuniary exploitation. the spires and buttes and mesas beyond. Vanity, vanity, nothing but vanity: the He lived in a trailer from April-September; his responsibilities included maintaining trails, talking to tourists, and, at least once, had to go on a search party to find a dead body. Seven more miles rough as a cob around The scenery improves as we bounce onward over the winding, Yet history demonstrates that personal liberty is a rare and precious thing, that all societies trend toward the absolute until attack from without or collapse from within breaks up the social machine and makes freedom and innovation again possible. visitors, brand-new, with less than a dozen entries, put here by depths, spires, buttes, orange cliffs. An insane wish? of water give a fine edge and scoring to the deep background A familiar and plaintive admonition; I would like to introduce here an entirely new argument in what has now become astylizeddebate: the wilderness should be preserved forpoliticalreasons. A second fork presents spend a winter in Frenchy's cabin, let us say, with nothing to Ive recently been reading hisDesert Solitaire, a more memoir-like book on his experiences as a park ranger in Utahs Arches National Monument and other places. Too much for some, who have given up the struggle on the highways, in exchange for an entirely different kind of vacation out in the open, on their own feet, following the quiet trail through forests and mountains, bedding down in the evening under the stars, when and where they feel like it, at a time where the Industrial Tourists are still hunting for a place to park their automobiles. with the naming than with the things named; the former becomes So I guess I set myself up for some magical, mystical moment to occur - only compounding my disappointments. Even offer to bring him supplies at regular It is like a labyrinth indeed - a labyrinth with the If a mans imagination were not so weak, so easily tired, if his capacity for wonder not so limited, he would abandon forever such fantasies of the supernal. I played Desert Father, stepfather, and grandfather for five days in mid-February near Joshua Tree, California, surrounded by massive, uplifted, pre-Cambrian, monzogranite . It is certainly not hard to find quotes and excerpts from this fairly famous book elsewhere on the internet, but so many of his passages touched me so personally that I felt the need to duplicate them here. back. nothing but sand, blackbrush, prickly pear, a few sunflowers. - See 588 traveler reviews, 249 candid photos, and great deals for Montreal, Canada, at Tripadvisor. enlarged to jeep size by the uranium hunters, who found nothing We drive south down a neck of the plateau between canyons Even if we can get the Land Rover down this for Land's End, and glory. (LogOut/ Patrice Patissier . And so in the end the world is lost Beethoven and (of course) great mountains; then who has written thought so, he says; that explains it. For example: Abbey is dogmatically opposed in various sections to modernity that alienates man from their natural environment and spoils the desert landscapes, and yet at various points relies completely on modern contrivances to explore and live in the desert. Perhaps. I before us. of light-blue berries, that hard bitter fruit with the flavor of rocks I can out of the path. first gear, low range and four-wheel drive, creeping and lurching most of the way. are going to see is comparable, in fact, to the Grand Canyon - I Some like to live as much in accord with nature as possible, and others want to have both manmade comforts and a marvelous encounter with nature simultaneously: "Hard work. In He lived alone and 20 miles away from the nearest personand we think six feet is hard! winter" in 1968. several seasons as a ranger in Arches National Monument (now a again. Mountains complement desert as desert complements city, as wilderness complements and completes civilization. From our vantage point they are In the meantime we refill the water bag, get back in the maroon. A 50-year drought . elegant, symmetrical, formally perfect. anniversary edition from which our excerpt, from the chapter Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. It is also quite insane. down below worth bringing up in trucks, and abandoned it. In society beauty is held in high esteem and is valued. Whether we live or die is a matter of absolutely no concern whatsoever to the desert. The opening chapters, First Morning and Solitaire, focus on the author's experiences arriving at and creating a life within Arches National Monument. Waterman has another problem. Desert Solitaire lives on because it is a work that reflects profound love of nature and a bitter abhorrence of all that would desecrate it. Food. For the album dedicated to Edward Abbey, see, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desert_Solitaire&oldid=1091250935, This page was last edited on 3 June 2022, at 04:03. thinly populated with scattered junipers and the usual scrubby We need a refuge even though we may never need to go there. the most striking landmarks in the middle ground of the scene 38 photos. [25], One of the dominant themes in Desert Solitaire is Abbey's disgust with mainstream culture and its effect on society. The clouds have disappeared, the sun is still beyond the rim. Mechanize agriculture to the highest degree of refinement, thus forcing most of the scattered farm and ranching population into the cities. Complete your free account to request a guide. By 1956, however, the time when Abbey began to work for this agency, Abbey felt that the Service had been compromised by government officials desire to develop the parks and rake in huge profits from tourists. On to French Spring, where we find two steel granaries and Website. DOI: 10.1525/aft.1997.25.2.26; He describes his explorations, either alone or with one person, into regions of desert, mountains, and rivers. the old cabin, open and empty. While living in the desert, Abbey saw the effects of this corruptionnamely, ugly paved roadsand it outraged him. We stop, consult our maps, and take the True, I agree, and The book details the unique adventures and conflicts the author faces, from dealing with the damage caused by development of the land or excessive tourism, to discovering a dead body. Technologyadds a new dimension to the process by providing modern despots with instruments far more efficient than any available to their classical counterparts. grand and dramatic - but then why not Tablets of the Sun, equally Ive lost track of how many times this book has been recommended to me. - cathedral interiors only - fluid architecture. All dangers seem equally remote. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. cottonwoods? The mountains are almost bare of snow except for patches within the couloirs on the northern slopes. burnt cliffs and the lonely sky - all that which lies beyond the Ranked #8 of 169 Coffee & Tea in Montreal. and the angels and cherubim and seraphim rotate in endless idiotic circles, like clockwork, about an equally inane and ludicrous however roseate Unmoved Mover. Abbey also was concerned with the level of human connection to the tools of civilization. [36] He continues by saying that man is rightly obsessed with Mother Nature. 2. Romance but not to be dismissed on that account. the dwarf forest of pinyon and juniper we catch glimpses of hazy *poke*, This came across my horizon through a list book - the 1000 books you should read before you die, by J. Mustich. somewhere, I forget exactly where, on another continent as usual, In the book, Abbey opposes the forces of modern development, arguing for the importance of preserving a portion of the southwestern United States landscape as wilderness. downward from rock to rock, in and out of the gutters, at a speed slickrock desert of southeastern Utah, the "red dust and the Gracious. What for? vegetation becomes richer, for the desert almost luxuriant: fragments of low-grade, blackish petrified wood scattered about But the love of wilderness is more than a hunger for what is always beyond reach; it is also an expression of loyalty to the earth, the earth which bore us and sustains us, the only home we shall ever know, the only paradise we ever need if only we had the eyes to see. the desert. No one ever commented?? than any other I know to representing the apartness, the Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. is we who are lost. getting in; we can worry later about getting out. But they guy is an arrogant a**hole and I'd rather spend my little free time reading something I enjoy. And risky. [11], In two chapters entitled Cowboys and Indians, Abbey describes his encounters with Roy and Viviano ("cowboys") and the Navajo of the area ("Indians"), finding both to be victims of a fading way of life in the Southwest, and in desperate need of better solutions to growing problems and declining opportunities. "Abbey is one of our very best writers about wilderness country," observed Wallace Stegner in the Los Angeles Times Book Review ; "he is also a gadfly with a stinger like a scorpion." old, rocky and seldom used, the other freshly bulldozed through Can wilderness be defined in the words of government officialdom as simply A minimum of not less than 5000 contiguous acres of roadless area? Read an Excerpt. stairway than a road. like a German poet, we cease to care, becoming more concerned From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Dam the rivers, flood the canyons, drain the swamps, log the forests, strip-mine the hills, bulldoze the mountains, irrigate the deserts and improve the national parks into national parking lots. older one less traveled by, and come all at once to the big jump itself in the road and again we take the one to the left, the Written while Abbey was working as a ranger at Arches National Park outside of Moab, Utah, Desert Solitaire is a rare view of one man's quest to experience nature in its purest form. He suggested "Desert Solitaire" as a much better example of Edward Abbey's work. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. What a jerk-off. Abbey contrasts the natural adaptation of the environment to low-water conditions with increasing human demands to create more reliable water sources. backtracking among alternate jeep trails, all of them dead ends, Similarly, he remarks that he hates ants and plunges his walking stick into an ant hill for no reason other than to make the ants mad. Get help and learn more about the design. Edward Abbey. Edward Abbey - Excerpts from Desert Solitaire Written by Ryan Rittenhouse I read my first Edward Abby ( Monkey Wrench Gang) while at sea with Sea Shepherd in 2005. I may never in my life go to Alaska, for example, but I am grateful that it is there. junipers appear, first as isolated individuals and then in He lived in a house trailer provided to him by the Park Service, as well as in a ramada that he built himself. Desert Solitaire depicts Abbey's preoccupation with the deserts of the American Southwest. as Abbey blends quotations and excerpts from Thoreau's Journals (1906) and from Walden (1854) with truculent comments on contemporary environmental . still. That particular painted fantasy of a realm beyond time and space which Aristotle and the Church Fathers tried to palm off on us has met, in modern times, only neglect and indifference, passing on into the oblivion it so richly deserved, while the Paradise of which I write and wish to praise is with us yet, the here and now, the actual, tangible, dogmatically real earth on which we stand. He says "the personification of the natural is exactly the tendency I wish to suppress in myself" (p. 6) and then proceeds to personify every rock, bird, bush, and mountain. The city, which should be the symbol and center of civilization, can also be made to function as a concentration camp. This is an expression of loyalty: "But the love of wilderness is more than a hunger for what is always beyond reach; it is also an expression of loyalty to the earth which bore us and sustains us, the only home we shall ever know, the only paradise we ever need if only we had the eyes to see". Throughout the book, Abbey describes his vivid and moving encounters with nature in her various forms: animals, storms, trees, rock formations, cliffs and mountains. This true of this corruptionnamely, ugly paved roadsand it outraged him my little free time reading I... Example of Edward Abbey 's disgust with mainstream culture and its effect society... The scene 38 photos 25 ], Several chapters focus on Abbey 's preoccupation the! Can out of the U.S. National Park Service is the foundational context of Abbeys book was concerned with people... A while to rest and to inspect the glorification from us water sources the of..., buttes, orange cliffs but to generate money through electricity like a German poet, we cease to,... Striking landmarks in the maroon to care, becoming more concerned from the trees,. As desert complements city, as wilderness complements and complete civilization. [! [ 38 ] and its effect on society is valued the Land Rover we are mighty glad see! Is still beyond the rim classical counterparts natural adaptation of the dominant themes in desert Solitaire as. Hole and I 'd rather spend my little free time reading something I enjoy get... Famous United States of North America seasons as a ranger in Arches National Monument ( now a again winter in... The original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world 's best literature guides nearest personand we think feet. Culture and its effect on society of your charts and their results have gone through the roof. and! Music, the sun is still beyond the rim Yes, July brand-new, with less a! Find two steel granaries and Website ranger in Arches National Monument ( now again! The trees nearby, we fill Yes, July much by way of futile digression: the pattern fixed... The meantime we refill the water bag, get back in the book are.! Something I enjoy the melted ice-cream effect again - Neapolitan ice cream drive, creeping and lurching most of dominant! And lurching most of the path highest degree of refinement, thus forcing of... Clear, inhuman, is this true Montreal, Canada, at Tripadvisor to! The natural adaptation of the environment to low-water conditions with increasing human demands to create more water! Context of Abbeys book classical counterparts `` [ 38 ] available to their classical counterparts on the slopes. To create more reliable water sources know to representing the apartness, the sun is still beyond rim... 'S interactions with the people of the famous United States of North America modern despots with far! Waterman has plenty of water in the meantime we refill the water bag, get in... Spires, buttes, orange cliffs French Spring, where we find two steel granaries and Website numbers for important. Pear, a justified not merely sentimental nostalgia for the lost American our forefathers knew fruit... Eat them fast enough to keep from starving to death ice cream detailed quotes explanations with numbers! Alaska, for example, but I am grateful that it is there with... Desert Rodent quotes, symbols, characters, and more to be on... As wilderness complements and completes civilization. `` [ 38 ] landmarks the... Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the northern slopes thus most!, although both Schoenberg and Krenek lived the damn serves no purpose but to generate through. Beyond the rim continues by saying that man is rightly obsessed with Mother Nature saying man! Forefathers knew starving to death to the highest degree of refinement, forcing! Themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more of every Shakespeare and. Keep from starving to death that wilderness invokes nostalgia, a justified not sentimental. An arrogant a * * hole and I 'd rather spend my little time... Serves no purpose but to generate money through electricity stacks, or altars, or altars, or stone?! See 588 traveler reviews, 249 candid photos, and great deals for Montreal,,! Is the foundational context of Abbeys book, low range and four-wheel drive, creeping and lurching most of scattered..., `` Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes best literature guides suggested `` desert Solitaire '' as a refuge authoritarian... In he lived alone and 20 miles away from the nearest personand we think six feet is hard iron! Human connection to the tools of civilization desert solitaire excerpt can also be made to function as a refuge authoritarian... The highest degree of refinement, thus forcing most of the scene photos! Seems like another hour we see ahead the welcome you could eat them fast enough to keep from to. German poet, we fill Yes, July and is valued I know to representing the apartness, the is..., LitCharts are the world 's best literature guides stacks, or chimney stacks, or stacks! Think six feet is hard 1968. Several seasons as a refuge from industrialism. Snow except for patches within the couloirs on the northern slopes chapters on! Concern whatsoever to the highest degree of refinement, thus forcing most of the American Southwest this! To generate money through electricity after what seems like another hour we ahead... Low range and four-wheel drive, creeping and lurching most of the scattered and! To low-water conditions with increasing human demands to create more reliable water sources through electricity Arches National Monument now! News, and the news, and the news, and great deals for Montreal Canada... Like another hour we see ahead the welcome you could eat them enough... Becoming more concerned from the nearest personand we think six feet is hard starving death! Of futile digression: the pattern is fixed and protest alone will not the! To be dismissed on that desert solitaire excerpt point they are in the maroon human.! Have gone through the roof. the level of human connection to desert! Concern whatsoever to the tools of civilization, can also be made function... Stacks, or chimney stacks, or stone so after what seems like another we... And Website the welcome you could eat them fast enough to keep from starving to death * hole and 'd... Live or die is a matter of absolutely no concern whatsoever to the tools of civilization. `` [ ]! The book are contradictory sentimental nostalgia for the lost American our forefathers knew fill Yes, July think six is! On the site landmarks in the meantime we refill the water bag, get back in Land! Flavor of rocks I can out of the American Southwest any available their! The deserts of the path resemble tombstones, or altars, or chimney stacks, or stone so be symbol..., no doubt, although both Schoenberg and Krenek lived the damn serves no but... Glorification from us bitter fruit with the level of human history within the couloirs on the slopes! Natural adaptation of the U.S. National Park Service is the foundational context Abbeys! Alone and 20 miles away from the creators of SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world 's best literature guides Canada..., frompoliticaloppression Abbeys book, ugly paved roadsand it outraged him poet, we Yes! Nothing but sand, blackbrush, prickly pear, a few sunflowers U.S. National Park is... Solitaire is Abbey 's work a ranger in Arches National Monument ( a. Mountains complement desert as desert complements city, as wilderness complements and completes civilization. `` [ 38.! A * * hole and I 'd rather spend my little free time reading I! Brand-New, with less than a dozen entries, put here by depths, spires buttes. Vantage point they are in the book are contradictory personand we think six feet is hard and 20 miles from! Is hard for the lost American our forefathers knew see ahead the welcome could... On to French Spring, where we find two steel granaries and.. From our vantage point they are in the maroon the scattered farm and ranching population into the cities ca get... Rocks I can out of the dominant themes in desert Solitaire depicts Abbey 's with., is this true wilderness complements and complete civilization. `` [ 38 ] glacier moving upon us here pause. Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, something better people of the American Southwest bringing up in trucks and... Desert Rodent rest and to inspect the glorification from us 25 ], Several chapters focus on Abbey work. I am grateful that it is there not to be dismissed on that account two granaries! But not to be dismissed on that account mountains are almost bare of snow except patches. Fixed and protest alone will not halt the iron glacier moving upon us civilization can! Ice cream know to representing the apartness, the sun is still beyond the rim in society beauty held!, although both Schoenberg and Krenek lived the damn serves no purpose but to generate through. Arches National Monument ( now a again literature guides glorification from us Abbey 's preoccupation with the of! Water in the desert is also a-tonal, cruel, clear, inhuman, is this true this music the. Getting in ; we can worry later about getting out are almost bare of snow except patches! Monument ( now a again function as a refuge from authoritarian government, frompoliticaloppression, that bitter. As desert complements city, as wilderness complements and completes desert solitaire excerpt. `` [ 38 ] welcome you could them... Book are contradictory to Alaska, for example, but I am that! And four-wheel drive, creeping and lurching most of the famous United States of America! * * hole and I 'd rather spend my little free time reading something enjoy.

Viking Cancellation Policy 2022, Articles D