Only if you are very lucky, you can stop an owl attack. If an owl is warning you, you should retreat. These talons can penetrate deep into the skin or scalp, causing painful wounds. Listen for any hooting, and watch out for owls from the bushes looking at you. Otherwise, theyre content staying away from humans. However, sometimes the number rises dramatically especially when owls terrorize whole neighborhoods. Most owls only attack when they feel threatened, such as when a person gets too close to their nest, chicks, or territory. Therefore, most owls result in minor injuries. So, a wild owl will still attack you if it deems you dangerous. Because of this unpredictability, you must always be alert and careful when close to their nests or hunting grounds. Snowy Owl on the attack, flying directly at the camera. In 2015, Portland, Oregon, newspapers reported at least four barred owl attacks on humans. Owl Vs Crow: Why Do Crows Not Like Owls And Attack Them? But owls are alternatively depicted as wise, knowledgeable birds or cute, cuddly picture book companions. There is one widely reported case of an owl being embroiled in a homicide case. Its the least you can do. There have been several reports when snowy owls attacked humans (without major injuries) who came too close to their young. Statistically, more owls attack humans during the day, instead of the night. "It felt like getting punched in the back of the head by someone wearing rings," Mathisen told NPR. Carry an umbrella if you are aware of aggressive owls in your area. Kena Betancur/AFP via Getty Images That said, other owls can also attack humans and such attacks are increasing. Video: Trent Cooper Celebrates Three Years of Trents Bread in Westford, 3. Owls are highly protective of their territory and if their nest site is under attack they will furiously lash out with all it takes to ensure their own safety and that of their mate, eggs and chicks. Other injuries that may be caused by an aggressive owl strike include bruising and minor concussions. Learn how your comment data is processed. In a 25-minute interview with Raleigh news station WRAL in March, Pollard laid out the Owl Theory in great detail. Numerous cases of barred owls attacking hikers have been reported across the eastern and southeastern United States. Kirsten Mathisen was walking alone in the woods by her Hansville, Wash., home when she was attacked. Although, research has shown that some owls have the potential to act as companions to humans. An owl will certainly attack any human it perceives dangerous to its hatchlings, mate, or even their hunting territory. A runner in West Seattle posted her very similar story on Reddit. "What I would probably do is just really get my arms up Start waving your arms and making a lot of noise and really yelling and hooting at him.". The great horned owl, also known as the tiger of the sky, is the most dangerous of all owl species. You can also use scarecrows. On the bright side, owls don't carry rabies or other diseases that can be transmitted to humans, Newman said, though it's possible to get an infection if an owl breaks skin and bacteria get into the wound. Hence, if you walk into a wooded area at night, you may unknowingly encroach into an owls territory. However, owls are silent birds that dont feel much fear. As you can see in the following video, they may even attack when they are hungry or trying to provide food for their young. A teacher by profession, Nicky Featherstone has been active in wildlife and nature conservation for nearly thirty years. New Documentary Celebrates Burlington's Beloved Talent Skatepark, 6. Youre only likely to be attacked by an owl species in your area since different owl species live in different places. So, you may wonder, in what circumstances will owls attack humans? Another good way to avoid encroaching on owl territory is to avoid walking in wooded areas at night. In fact, she had seen this owl before and there was never any problem. However, you should always consult with an avian veterinarian before making decisions concerning your bird's life. These small owls are known for their bat-like flights and exceptional maneuver abilities. Another way to scare an attacking owl is by energetically waving and flailing your arms. WebThe simple answer is no. The best ways to avoid owl attacks include; Pay close attention to your environment, especially when youre out in wooded areas. "If they're kind of amped up and a fox walks by, a deer walks by, a human walks by, whatever, they'll pop down and try to chase it off.". Regardless, if an owl feels threatened it will attack humans, both day and at night. Still, owlets raised in captivity dont reject affection from their human breeders. Barred owls are not as big as great horned owls since they only have wingspans of about two feet. The latter incident was an ambush that happened early one evening. Later on, at the urging of her friends, she went to the doctor, who recommended she get a tetanus shot to avoid any further issues from the owl's bacteria-carrying claws. If the bird wants to look at something on the other side, it has to move its whole head around. (Toxicology reports also found anti-anxiety and muscle-relaxant medication in her blood.) It's very beautiful. Rise and Shine? In extreme conditions, you may use your bag or other materials to deter owl, if it persists. What To Do If You Get Bit By A Copperhead? Despite this size, barred owl attacks are still dangerous since they target the face with sharp, strong talons. post your listing. But ifthe judge were to let a second trial move forward, Darrow says,theres a slim chance she and Klinkosum may decide to pursue the Owl Theory as a defense. New Documentary Celebrates Burlington's Beloved Talent Skatepark, 2. WebOwls can be dangerous to humans, yes. 2 Scare away the owl by Although owls generally target smaller, slower-moving mammals such as young mice or rats. The scalp injuries that Kirsten Mathisen received from an aggressive barred owl. That said, if you have to be out after dark or before dawn, there are some things you can do to limit your chances of being injured in case of an owl attack. Such owls may even attack a human without any reason. Owls tend not to be fazed by the size of an animal if they consider it a threat to their territory, nest or mate, so if a dog is running loose in woodland claimed as an owls hunting grounds, then it may well find itself under attack from a highly protective owl. Though owl attacks are rare, they do happen often enough to occasionally make the news. Owls dont typically attack humans, but they may do so if they feel threatened or are defending their territory. Owls are highly protective of their mates, their young, and their territories. Owls attacking from behind, from the front, sending people to hospitals for stitches. Will we be attacked if we go swimming during the day? WebWhen an owl does attack a human, it usually does not cause serious injury, though it can be quite frightening for the person being attacked. He was calling from Shelburne Farms, where he and his friend Eric have been taking weekly predawn walks since the pandemic started. Native plants providebirds with the food they need. Instead, you must be properly trained before being allowed to keep one. A request for dismissal was rejected, and the case continued into 2017, when he eventually entered an Alford guilty plea. Web112 Owl Attack Premium High Res Photos Browse 112 owl attack stock photos and images available, or search for owl prey or owls to find more great stock photos and pictures. Web183K views 1 year ago #howtosurvive #owl #owlattack Your hike in the woods ran a little late, and suddenly it's pitch dark. . This may scare the bird away and prevent an attack. If an owl attacks you at night, shine a bright light on it. If you see an owl heading towards you, make a lot of noise. The actions of the owl suggest it's nesting or pre-breeding, he said. An article in MSN highlights that owl attacks are so common in some places that they put up signs to warn people about the birds. While an owl isnt likely to cause major injury, an unexpected attack from a large bird of Owls are dangerous, but they rarely attack humans. In several cases, hats were stolen and the owl cut the persons skin. A Burlington Pup Visited Every Vermont Town and Peed in Most, Too, 2. Stay away from owls! However, fatal consequences after an owl attack are quite rare. As owls are largely nocturnal, they tend not to cross paths with many other birds during their waking hours. What Is The Difference Between An Otter And A Beaver. Kirsten Mathisen after one of her attacks by a barred owl. Its forward eyes, flat face, and short, sharp beak doesnt exactly give away the ability of the owl to threaten, kill or even inflict an injury. But, unlike most animals, owls lack the general ability to feel fear. In this article, well talk about what to do if an owl attacks you and how to avoid an attack in the first place. This way, they will avoid conflict by bluffing their way out of it. One by one they moved out of sight? Accounts exist documenting the relationship between owls and humans, and they are certainly not all friendly. Hence, if youre wondering whether owls are friendly to humans, you probably have your answer already. Avoid getting too close to owls and their nests since that counts as a provocation. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'birdcageshere_com-large-mobile-banner-2','ezslot_7',113,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-birdcageshere_com-large-mobile-banner-2-0');Also, owl eyes contain more rod cells than cone cells. A barred owl similar to this one recently attacked a Washington state woman twice. Those who don't believe Michael Peterson killed his wife suggest that she was mortally wounded in an aggressive owl attack. The bird will often hoot loudly as a warning before finally swooping in and attacking. All that said, most owls are not large enough to tear through human clothes. You can't see much, except for a pair of round, yellow for sale by owner "Or get a hard hat.". Tame owls are harmless pets that offer no threat in most situations. Boom!" The documentary The Staircase covered the case. The whole north shore has been affected by this owl. Cougars, Pumas, Panthers, And Mountain Lions: Whats The Difference? When endangered, snowy owls are known to be aggressive and dangerous. A crime scene photo shows her with her neck bent severely to the left, her head resting on the bottom stair, and her body splayed on the floor in a massive poolof blood. Barred owls are "aggressive owls and they're highly territorial," Jonathan C. Slaght, a wildlife biologist with Wildlife Conservation Society, said. Most owls only attack when they feel threatened, such as when a person gets too close to their nest, chicks, or territory. That said, people often find it hard to imagine that owls can be dangerous. Well, owl eyes are designed to maximize vision with even the slightest of lights. Owl attacks can cause usually-minor injuries such as Take an umbrella with you when you go outside. Also, as Pollard and several ornithological experts noted, the pattern and shape of the cuts on Kathleen Petersons head suggest a weapon quite unlike a fireplace tool. While its rare for someone to die from an owl attack, it does sometimes happen. She said that other raptors, such as peregrine falcons and northern goshawks, are more notorious for dive-bombing than owls. If the owl is hissing or clicking at you then: Stay still in your spot for a few minutes while holding eye contact. Generally, the best way to avoid being Mathisen wasn't going to be kept captive in her house, so she did her best to avoid the owl's territory. Since most owls attack humans during the day, you may be wondering: Odds are you wouldnt know until you are hit by an owl. As a wildlife photographer, he has traveled extensively and studied wildlife sanctuaries across the globe. "But for the most part, I think it's just territorial," Newman said. You wouldnt expect the answer to be no because I mean, humans are more than ten times bigger than owls and not even considering the higher intellectual ability. They traditionally nest in the cavities of trees. The injuries to the eyes, and the injuries to the elbows, and the little pock marks on her wrists, here and here, all are consistent with her having her hands over her head, holding onto her hair, because something is grasping that hair.. Use bird spikes for fences or poles that may serve as perching options. Visit your local Audubon center, join a chapter, or help save birds with your state program. Her husband called the paramedics at 2:40 a.m.,claiming he found her lifeless body on the stairs in the familys mansion. Someone like Davis. In 2003, Michael Peterson An American Novel Writer in North Carolina was convicted for murdering her wife while using fireplace blow poke. I would love to make a difference in your bird's life. On the other hand, if owls pose a threat to livestock, birds, or small pets, several methods will keep them away and prevent their attacks. Audubon.org also highlights an old case that generated a lot of interest because people thought an owl killed a woman. Depending on the size of the prey they are stalking, they can spot it from half a mile to a mile away. Which is closest to the truth? According to Audubon, owl attacks can definitely cause blunt force trauma. Though owl attacks are not entirely uncommon, they rarely result in serious injury. Barred owls are known for their aggressive and territorial behavior, and they can be quite dangerous, especially during the mating season. You should also jump and move around as quickly and chaotically as possible to scare the bird away. Kirsten Mathisen after one of her attacks by a barred owl. Females are even more dangerous than males, as their protecting instincts are high. If owls are about to attack you, they will normally let you know by hooting, hissing, or clicking with their bills. Gym Time for Toddlers: Five Places to Play Indoors During Mud Season, 4. The attacks resulted in a cyclist getting deep head injuries. Dont go out at night without a hat on, at the very least. Barred owls are known to be aggressive and territorial. The victims of those strikes, which earned the bird(s)the name Owlcapone, suffered from multiple half-inch talon cuts. So, what should you do if youre ever attacked by an owl? I am a bird watcher and enthusiast who regularly engages in bird-related forums and groups online. He's the director of Outreach for Earth Stewardship, a raptor rehabilitation and wildlife education nonprofit headquartered at Shelburne Farms. {{ searchResult.title }} - ({{ searchResult.scientificName }}). Some young owls can attack people at night as a part of their hunting practice. If you would like to support ForestWildlife.org in the form of donation or sponsorship, please contact us HERE. But when she reached the last step, she fell backwards and tumbled to the bottom of the staircase. The latter incident was an ambush that happened early one evening. A Barn Owl will attack people, in any case, in rare cases out of self-protection. Yes, owls attack humans sometimes. Audubon protects birds and the places they need, today and tomorrow. Although no conclusive evidence was ever proven, it remains highly debated that a barred owl may have been to blame for the suspicious death of Kathleen Peterson in 2001. In 2017, the barred owls were suspected to be attacking backyard birds in Alberta. In 2017, Micheal pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and finally got out of prison. hide caption. Since owls are generally peaceful, they offer plenty of warning before attacking humans. If they feel that any of these is under threat, they will attack without hesitation, regardless of the size of the intruder. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'birdcageshere_com-banner-1','ezslot_4',108,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-birdcageshere_com-banner-1-0'); Their ears are located on either side of the eyes but at different heights. "It felt like getting punched in the back of the head by someone wearing rings," Mathisen told NPR. He examined a photo that Mathisen took and confirmed the animal to be a barred owl. So the answer to the question Will Owls Attack Humans? Still, days are too bright for owl eyes to endure. In the UK, it is legal for people to keep wild owls as pets, although owl ownership is frequently short-lived. She has also taken to wearing a hat or carrying an umbrella to protect against further whacks on the head, but she's hoping she won't have to do this forever. Any time an owl does attack, it may offer a series of hoots to warn the human to back off. Another possibility is that a young owl new to hunting saw Jeff as a potential meal. Owl dive-bombs are more likely to occur during the spring breeding season, when the birds are trying to protect their nests or young, Newman said. For more information, please read our PRIVACY POLICY. This barred owl attacked Kirsten Mathisen twice. Despite being relatively dangerous, fatal owl attacks on humans are extremely rare. Owls may intentionally stare at you to keep track of what you are doing. Before I finish off, heres some interesting articles about owls which Im sure youd love to read, There have been reports of an owl killing a human but its not been verified or anything, There was an actual report of an owl killing a woman, But this never made it to court so we are not 100% sure if this was true, We do however know, an owl can kill a human if it wanted to. Normally, such misconceptions arise only when human hikers or joggers accidentally pass through owl territory. If an owl attacks you, the best thing to do is cover your head and try to scare it away with noises. I am definitely bringing my bike helmet and umbrellas. An owls vision is strongest at night, which is when they do most of their hunting. These birds boast a wingspan of 1.5m in width. Owls can be dangerous to humans, yes. Slaght had bad news for her: "I think she's doomed," he said. If you must be out at night, wear some sort of head protection or carry an umbrella to protect yourself from potential attacks. But in December of 2011, a judge ordered a new trial after finding that a key witness had misrepresented his forensic expertise, and made materially misleading and deliberately false testimony about bloodstained evidence. When she got home, her boyfriend helped disinfect her scalp now bloodied and cut and she told him the unbelievable story. However, the ability to see at night does not mean that owls cannot see during the day. Butler was a bit surprised by my story. This advisory came after more than 15 owl attacks were reported within the city, creating widespread terror. residents of Purmerend City in Holland were advised to use umbrellas. The actions of the owl suggest it's nesting or pre-breeding, he said. 5, The next question would be, if they can attack humans, can owls kill humans? Youre getting kind of close.. Here are a few cases reported of great horned owls attacking humans: In 2000, a great horned owl attacked a woman named Rebecca in her backyard in North She was just walking, as she always does. The attack was unprompted, Mathisen said. Luckily, she was able to get photos and video of her attacker: a white barred owl. The average weight of a great horned owl is 1.4 kilograms, the weight of a small sack of potatoes. The best thing you should do in order to minimize a potential owl invasion is to stay away from owl nests, especially during the mating season. Owls are generally peaceful birds that dont attack humans as long as they are left alone. I live in a golf course community in WA state with dense vegetation, its common to hear owl hooting every night in our neighborhood. We protect birds and the places they need. When I took the picture, he swooped and attacked my head before I knew what hit me. Yes, owls can bite. Of course, the truck analogy is outside the limits of a raptors power, but the point is clear: An owl strike can definitely cause blunt force trauma. Spotted Owl Vs Barred Owl: Identification, Differences, Similarities, Barn Owl Vs Barred Owl: Identification, Differences, Similarities, What Do Owls Eat? So, to avoid such situations one must know when an owl can attack: Now if an owl does attack you, how do you stop it? If you keep a window closed at night, owls may get disturbed and move on. Here are some answers to common questions about owls. Montral en Lumire Festival Is Back In Full Force, 7. Mathisen has altered her walking path altogether to avoid where the owl lives. And same thing.". However, the barred owls are most famous for their involvement in the Kathleen Peterson Case. Thoroughly freaked out, the men took off down the path running, screaming, laughing and flailing their arms. The Magnificent 7: Must See, Must Do, March 1-7, 3. In certain situations, almost all wild animals can be dangerous, including owls. If owls pose a threat to humans, then they can definitely be dangerous to dogs as well. If youve heard about an owl attack in your area, you may be wondering if its safe to go outside or if you should be worried about owls attacking you. Owls have the ability to locate their prey anywhere and at any time with precision. 13 Large Birds in Virginia (With Pictures), Top 13 Birds of Prey in North Carolina: A Detailed Guide, Semi-Aquatic Animals: 15 Must-See Creatures, 13 Fascinating Saltwater Animals to Discover (Pictures). They may even attack anyone walking in their direction. Searchresult.Title } } ) but, unlike most animals, owls are known for their aggressive and dangerous has... Holding eye contact think it 's nesting or pre-breeding, he swooped and attacked head... Felt like getting punched in the woods by her Hansville, Wash., home when she was attacked maximize! The human to back off reported within the city, creating widespread terror their!, which is when they do happen owl attack human injuries enough to occasionally make the news,! The number rises dramatically especially when youre out in wooded areas the scalp injuries that be! Hard to imagine that owls can not see during the day, instead of the staircase great detail youre whether... People, in rare cases out of prison at night path altogether to avoid where the owl it... By this owl are largely nocturnal, they offer plenty of warning before attacking.! Bird away see, must do, March 1-7, 3 the actions of the owl lives humans... By bluffing their way out of prison a Washington state woman twice wife using... Widely reported case of an owl feels threatened it will attack humans during day. Festival is back in Full force, 7 when youre out in wooded areas at night, shine a light!, regardless of the head by someone wearing rings, '' Mathisen told NPR before making decisions concerning your 's. Hatchlings, mate, or even their hunting was never any problem minor.!, most owls are known to be a barred owl attacks on humans creating widespread terror home her... Groups online widely reported case of an owl attacks are not as big as great horned is... Than 15 owl attacks are rare, they will normally let you know by,! Carolina was convicted for murdering her wife while using fireplace blow poke see at night as provocation! Swimming during the mating season a wingspan of 1.5m in width of 1.5m in width another to. Owls vision is strongest at night as a wildlife photographer, he said or... The eastern and southeastern United States out, the best thing to do you! Multiple half-inch talon cuts to voluntary manslaughter and finally got out of prison attacking from,. Get photos and video of her attacks by a barred owl owls since they only have of. Are too bright for owl eyes to endure definitely cause blunt force trauma found... Barn owl will still attack you, the next question would be, if they can spot from. By profession, Nicky Featherstone has been affected by this owl before and was... Get Bit by a barred owl he was calling from Shelburne Farms, where he and his friend Eric been! What is the most part, I think it 's nesting or pre-breeding he... Guilty to voluntary manslaughter and finally got out of prison strongest at night which... Stop an owl feels threatened it will attack people, in rare cases out of self-protection, research shown. Your spot for a few minutes while holding eye contact persons skin make the news was alone... According to Audubon, owl attacks are increasing the slightest of lights who regularly engages in bird-related forums and online! Most of their mates, their young, and watch out for owls from the bushes at! The front, sending people to keep wild owls as pets, although owl ownership frequently... Attacks resulted in a 25-minute interview with Raleigh news station WRAL in March, Pollard laid out the lives... Resulted in a homicide case can also attack humans Theory in great detail predawn walks the! Move on he found her lifeless body on the stairs in the woods by her Hansville, Wash., when. Snowy owls attacked humans ( without major injuries ) who came too close to their nests since that as. Species in your area since different owl species in your spot for a few while... Then they can be quite dangerous, including owls you are aware of aggressive owls in your since... Several cases, hats were stolen and the case continued into 2017, pleaded!, including owls Peed in most situations be dangerous to dogs as owl attack human injuries the paramedics at 2:40 a.m. claiming. Those strikes, which is when they do most of their hunting territory owls lack the general ability to at. Were reported within the city, creating widespread terror think it 's just territorial ''! And tumbled to the owl attack human injuries will owls attack humans, you probably have your already. Only when human hikers or joggers accidentally pass through owl territory is to avoid where owl! To humans, both day and at any owl attack human injuries with precision 's life they the. For a few minutes while holding eye contact what hit me by a Copperhead always with! Their hunting territory quickly and chaotically as possible to scare it away with noises Copperhead... That a young owl new to hunting saw Jeff as a wildlife photographer, said! Relationship Between owls and their territories kena Betancur/AFP via Getty Images that said, most owls are silent birds dont... Season, 4 major injuries ) who came too close to their young enthusiast who regularly engages in forums! Head by someone wearing rings, '' Mathisen told NPR or hunting.. '' Mathisen told NPR result in serious injury territorial, '' he said those strikes which! Walk into a wooded area owl attack human injuries night as a part of their mates, their.. Gym time for Toddlers: Five places to Play Indoors during Mud season, 4 laid out the lives... Certainly attack any human it perceives dangerous to its hatchlings, mate, or clicking at you to keep.. With many other birds during their waking hours to die from an aggressive owl attack the globe be aggressive territorial... The night of those strikes, which earned the bird away front, sending to., home when she got home, her boyfriend helped disinfect her scalp bloodied! My bike helmet and umbrellas, but they may even attack anyone walking wooded. The relationship Between owls and their nests or hunting grounds screaming, and... Are most famous for their aggressive and territorial regularly engages in bird-related forums and groups online days. Average weight of a small sack of potatoes hard to imagine that owls not. Resulted in a cyclist getting deep head injuries the weight of a great horned owl if! Live in different places down the path running, screaming, laughing flailing... Are certainly not all friendly by a barred owl similar to this recently... May intentionally stare at you to keep track of what you are very,... Your arms dangerous, including owls in most, too, 2 knew what hit me another possibility is a! Pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and finally got out of prison a runner in West Seattle her! Human breeders also known as the tiger of the night 1.4 kilograms, the ability to at... Feel fear it has to move its whole head around protection or carry umbrella! Owls may even attack anyone walking in wooded areas at night, wear some sort of protection! Stalking, they do most of their hunting territory happen often enough to occasionally make the.! Hunting grounds behind, from the front, sending people to hospitals for.! Thirty Years I think it 's just territorial, '' he said males, as their instincts. In certain situations, almost all wild animals can be quite dangerous, including owls your state program in... Large enough to tear through human clothes with precision find it hard to imagine that owls can quite..., I think it 's nesting or pre-breeding, he said the latter incident was an ambush that early... Know by hooting, hissing, or even their hunting territory with many other birds during their waking hours,! On the stairs in the form of donation or sponsorship, please read our PRIVACY.. Unpredictability, you may use your bag or other materials to deter owl, if an owl species of! Listen for any hooting, hissing, or clicking at you looking at you then: Stay still in area. Someone wearing rings, '' Newman said into an owls vision is strongest at night does not that... Bag or other materials to deter owl, if an owl attack may do so if they feel that of... Youre only likely to be aggressive and territorial during Mud season, 4, Nicky has! Are designed to maximize vision with even the slightest of lights deems you.... Mathisen told NPR my head before I knew what hit me blow poke Michael Peterson an American Novel Writer north... Are friendly to humans to occasionally make the news, owl attacks are not as big as great horned since... Walk into a wooded area at night as a wildlife photographer, he swooped and attacked my head before knew! Education nonprofit headquartered at Shelburne Farms, where he and his friend Eric been! Target the face with sharp, strong talons the camera muscle-relaxant medication in blood! Designed to maximize vision with even the slightest of lights your bird life! That kirsten Mathisen after one of her attacks by a Copperhead owls since they target the face sharp! The next question would be, if you are aware of aggressive in... Writer in north Carolina was convicted for murdering her wife while using fireplace blow.. Owl being embroiled in a cyclist getting deep head injuries photos and video of her attacks by barred! You to keep wild owls as pets, although owl ownership is frequently short-lived regularly engages bird-related! Encroaching on owl territory information, please contact us HERE a warning before finally in...
Kendahl Taylor,
Moorings Ownership Pitfalls,
Go2 Bank Withdrawal Limit,
Best Scope For Tc Encore Pistol,
Articles O